Kyoto protocol 1997

The United Nations framework convention on climate change, devised the international agreement termed as Kyoto Protocol, in order to work towards preserving the environment. The protocol was aimed at diminuating the intensity of six major greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons. What is this International Agreement? Global warming intimidates the very existence of all life forms on earth. The emanations of the aforementioned six gases contribute considerable to the thinning of the ozone layer, the consequences of which can be summed up in the rising of the sea levels, melting of snow caps, floods and droughts. By 1990 the ratio of these emissions had risen by a considerable amount, as substantiated in the report published by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The report called for urgent actions to curb the threat of climatic alteration. Thus, at the United Nations Conference of Environment and Development, the birth of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change took place. The decisive objective of the meeting was: â€Å"Stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. † (UNFCCC, Article 2, 2008). Furthermore, the agreement also encouraged achieving the change in a limited time span, so as to avoid an economic standstill by allowing the eco-system to align with the change in the atmosphere. The concurrence focused primarily on the industrialized nations, termed under Annex 1 as the major producers of the greenhouse gas emanations and thus the prime participators of the protocol. It is mentioned in the protocol that the achievement of the reduction in emissions is to be performed principally through nationwide procedures. However, in order to counter the criticisms with regards to the economic melt down that might result through the adherence to this protocol, the agreement also mentions three souk based methods: (a)Emissions trading; (b)Clean development mechanism; (c)Joint implementation. The protocol also asserts that the countries establish a monitoring body responsible to formulating reports regarding the greenhouse gas emanations and the trade carried out. This is achieved through: (a) Registry system; (b) Compliance system; (c) Reporting system. Another objective of the protocol is to help countries adapt to the changing climatic conditions and its adverse effects. Therefore, an Adaption Fund was also formulated under this protocol to sponsor adaption schemes and programmes to the developing countries that are signatories to the protocol. The protocol encourages countries to align their policies to the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, in order to curb the looming threat. The IPCC has forecasted an overall augment in global temperature to 5. Degree Celsius (UNEP, 2001). Therefore, developing countries are required under this protocol to device measures for absorption of the greenhouse gases. The protocol has been approved by 183 parties, including Japan, China, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Russia, a country accounting for 17% of the greenhouse gas emanations (Kyoto Protocol: Status of Ratification, 2008) The fulfill ment of the agreement is considered crucial, for the changing climatic conditions are causing more harm than good for the eco-system. Why this Agreement is Important: Keeping in view the drastic change in the climatic condition and its consequences, it was vital for the global community to advance towards such a step intended at diminishing the greenhouse gas emanation. Inter governmental panel on climate change has forecasted an average increase of global temperature from 1. 4 degree Celsius to 5. 8 degree Celsius (UNEP, 2001). While this increase may appear trivial, yet it contributes greatly to the rising of sea levels, melting of snow caps and these drastic changes themselves affect the production of food and leads to droughts and famines as well as floods. Under such circumstances it was vital to put forth an agreement that was legally binding on the countries that were the greatest benefactors of the greenhouse gasses. This global warming is a result of 150 years of rigorous industrial development. Smoldering of fossil fuels has penetrated the ozone layer, which was acting as a filter for the living creatures from the damaging consequences of sunlight. The excessive access given to the ultra violent radiations is harming the eco-system, which is not just confined to the melting of the ice caps in Atlanta but also the extinction of animal and plant species, due to the destruction of their habitat. While the melting of ice caps is causing floods, the extinction of animals is resulting in direly affecting the food cycle; the results of which are not just felt by the wild life but also the human beings. The extinction can also lead to the extinction of human beings, if the situation is not controlled. Therefore, it was vital for the international community to join hands and take steps for the conservation of the atmosphere. In this regards, the Kyoto protocol serves as a plausible tool. Industrial growth will be useless if people can not benefit from it; if people can not live enough to take its benefits. Increase in pollution etc has direly affected the living conditions of people. While the developed nations are enjoying the benefits of a strong economy, the developing countries are undergoing the effects which are resulting in deteriorating the state of those countries. Third world countries already having been victimized by poverty, unemployment, civil disobedience also have to suffer the influence of the changing climatic conditions. Mostly third world countries have agro-based economies. The phenomenon of global warming has become an enemy to their crops, those crops that constitute their largest amount of export. As a result, third world countries have to import more than they can export leaving them under a heavy financial burden. Michael Grubb et al 1999) This shows that the affects of global warming, that took birth due to the extensive industrial growth of 150 years have aided greatly in crippling the already crippled economy of third world countries and in fact has produced more problems for them than they can handle. Even for the developed countries, the climatic changes have posed big problems. Thus, under such circumstances, it was pivotal for the United Nations to come up with a solution to curb these problems. The Kyoto protocol is binding on all its members and such a legally binding agreement that fathomed the harmful affects of global warming marks one of the very important agreements produced. Through this agreement, countries, by law, are supposed to work on towards reducing their greenhouse gas emanations, working for the global good. Important parties of the Agreement: Even though the protocol has a total of 183 parties to date, the most important ones include United Kingdom and European Union. Russia and U. S. A are the largest creators of greenhouse gas emissions. Out of the 2, Russia has ratified the treaty while the U. S. A has not. Back when the protocol had to be approved around 55% of the votes were required (Kyoto Protocol: Article 25), out of which a vote of either U. S. A or Russia was crucial. Russia thus ratified the agreement and helped put it in to effect. The United States had ratified the agreement, yet U. S. A declined, refusing to adhere to the Annex 1 and Annex 2 countries, by putting forth the argument that India and China are also potential greenhouse gas producers. Furthermore, it is stated that the agreement poses a threat to their economy. U. S. A has neither accepted nor rejected the agreement even though it is a signatory. However, on state level a program has been initiated entitled, â€Å"Regional greenhouse gas initiative† (Regional greenhouse gas initiative, 2006). The following states are participants Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, representing around 46 million people. Around 80 cities from 50 states are working towards ratifying the Kyoto Protocol (Mayor’s Climate protection centre, 2008). Attempts at convincing the government are also being carried out at student level, as students have initiated a movement as well termed as Kyoto Now. One of the major supporters of the protocol is the European Union. The EU produces around 22% of the worldwide greenhouse gas production and is now committed to reducing the greenhouse gas production (Energy policy of the European Union, 2002). Denmark, for example, is alone working towards decreasing 21% of its greenhouse gas emanations. In fact, the European commissions back in 2007 announced the formation of a European Union Energy Policy which incorporated a 20% cutback in greenhouse gas emissions. By 2020 The EU has also placed fine on countries failing to adhere to the reduction target. The European Union has been an ardent supporter of the Kyoto Protocol and is working towards negotiating with other hard-to-convince nations. (Michael Grubb et al 1999) The United Kingdom is also a strong supporter of the Kyoto Protocol. Its energy policy fully supports descend in carbon dioxide production. While the United Kingdom has reduced a considerable amount of greenhouse gas reduction yet it needs to work on towards cutting back on the increase in the net carbon dioxide emanations. A draft by the name of Climate Change Bill was in print, which advocated the reduction of 60%, with a beginner’s target of 26% to 32%, of the carbon dioxide levels (Department for environment, food and rural affairs, 2007). If this bill is approved, the United Kingdom will emerge as the first country to integrate such a strong target in to the energy policy, rather the law. Result of the Agreement: The Kyoto protocol has earned both positive and negative comments. While its advocates consider the agreement to be a historical step towards curbing the threat of global warming caused due to human activities. Critics argue that the protocol would just result in a 5% decrease in global greenhouse gas production and that this is not a considerable amount of reduction. As quoted by inter governmental panel on climate change, a decrease of 50-60% is required otherwise the world will face a global increase of 3 degree Celsius in its temperature. Thus, critics argue that the targets set by the UNFCCC are inadequate. (Michael Grubb et al 1999) Another argument put forth by the opposition of the agreement is that, not all countries are participating in this agreement. For example, U. S. A one of the worlds largest creator of greenhouse gas emanation, has not ratified the treaty. Furthermore, china is termed under Annex 2 of developing countries even though it is the second biggest producer of these emissions. India is also included in the same list while the production of the greenhouse gases exceeds even those of the industrialized nations. Therefore, critics argue that with such a limited participation from countries, the Kyoto protocol can not be counted up on to achieve the reduction in greenhouse gases to curb the threats of global warming. While the protocol might be considered a first step towards addressing this problem, it does not according to the opposition present a clear cut and effective framework that can be counted up on to curb the problem. Economic constraints have also been addressed by both the proposition and the opposition of the agreement. Critics argue that the protocol would do more harm than good. The argument put forth is that countries would have a negative impact on their economy for different companies would be required to come up with new, climate-friendly technologies and solutions and the cost of these technologies might force some companies to shut down. Another argument brought in to the limelight is that due to the protocol the tax payers and customers would have to pay a higher amount of tax in order to aid the government in working towards the reduction of greenhouse gases for example the assertion of strict rules. Furthermore, it is argued that the nationals of the developed countries might be forced to spend more and might be forced to practice a superior standard of living. However, it must be noticed that the protocol does provide cures for short-term economic problems. The instruments of Emissions trading, Joint implementation, and clean development advocate the cause of the protocol yet also allow countries not to experience a considerable amount of change in their economy abruptly. Countries can take up their time revolutionizing their existing sector while working for the benefit of the global community by reducing emissions alongside. Furthermore, those markets that work with collaboration and work towards producing environment friendly products and services will adjust quickly to the new economic environment and in the long run would be a lot more successful. However, besides all these arguments no one can refute the important step taken back in 1997 in Brazil with regards to the imminent threat of global warming. While the Kyoto protocol may not be right on path to assemble the targets of diminishing greenhouse gas emanation, it is still on track. The fulfillment of this protocol, specifically by the developed countries mentioned in Annex 1 would advocate other such steps to be taken under stricter conditions. Also, nations by proving themselves capable of having reduced their greenhouse gas emissions can work towards conferring with developing countries to lend a helping hand in curbing this global threat. By commencing the journey with achievable and small goals, the global community can work towards achieving larger targets. Even if the countries that have ratified the agreement staunchly follow the route to reducing the greenhouse gases, change can be achieved. Efforts at national level will act as a catalyst for change. Thus, it would be highly unfair to deny the significance of the Kyoto protocol, for it is a bold first step taken towards preserving the environment. What can serve as another plausible technique for reducing those harmful emissions is by switching over to renewable resources and minimizing the usage of fossil fuels. The smoldering of fossil fuels produces harmful pollutants in to the atmosphere. These by products can stay mortal in to the atmosphere and along with affecting the ozone also affect the respiratory organs of the human beings, resulting in causing fatal asthma attacks. From land mining to burning of coal in a coal mine to oil spills, the impact on the atmosphere have proved to be fatal in the past. Thus, in order to combat climate change the first step countries should take is the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy. Also, by increasing the green belts in the world, we can work towards saving the environment. Deforestation has a highly negative impact on the environment as well as the climate. The effects of deforestation include soil erosion, temperature extremes, increase in deserts; all contributing greatly to the observable fact of global warming. Therefore it is crucial that deforestation be stopped. Of course ceasing deforestation is not the only solution. Reforestation should be encouraged. This is an act that can be carried out at individual level as well thus governments should try and engrave the importance of a substantial green belt in helping limit the phenomenon of global warming and working towards a safe environment. â€Å"We must no longer think of human progress as a matter of imposing ourselves on the natural environment. The world–the climate and all living things– is a closed system; what we do has consequences that eventually will come back to affect us. † (Woods Hole Research Center, 2008)

British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902 Essay

To what extent were humanitarian and missionary motives the most important reason for British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902? Although there had been British presence in Africa from the start of the 19th Century, with British areas of control including Cape Colony, Orange Free State and areas along the West coast, prior to 1880 Britain had in reality very few possessions in Africa. Only when the ‘Scramble for Africa’ was triggered did Britain, along with many other European great powers, begin its campaign for territorial acquisition. The fundamental motives for British expansion into Africa were essentially the economic interest Africa held for Britain and its entrepreneurs, the rivalry Africa created between the Great European Powers, its strategic value and what was commonly presented to the British public as being the most important motive, humanitarian purposes. For many, including Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, it was believed that Britain had a moral obligation to bring civilization and Christianity to the native population who were considered to be ‘uncivilized’ and racially inferior. Moreover, the Church strongly promoted the idea of missionary work in Africa; the Church encouraged the notion that a fundamental element of imperial occupation was the extension of Christianity which therefore was a motive behind imperialism in Africa. Many missionary societies were created such as the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel which conducted fund-raising activities and lectures. An example of a well known missionary was Mary Slessor who went to carry out her mission in Africa. Particularly concerned with tribal customs viewed as ‘un-Christian’, she set out to end human sacrifice, slavery and other forms of brutality. However, in reality humanitarian motives were of very limited significance in motivating British expansion into Africa; Britain was not simply guided by altruism and a quest to help the native populations, but instead was largely led by the economic and strategic interests the continent represented for it. Ultimately, it is likely that missionary incentives were simply conveyed as significant in order to win over public opinion and support, particularly through the media and popular entertainment. Of considerably greater significance to Britain was the strategic value that Africa held. Africa had always been strategically vital for Britain’s trade route to the Jewel of its Empire, India. Although Britain had few possessions in Africa before 1880, the few it did have included Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Cape Colony, all of which were deliberately very strategically situated along the coast. This provided Britain with stopping points and allowed it to ensure the security of its position along the long trade route to India. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1969 Africa, and in particular Egypt, became of even greater strategic importance as the canal provided a quick route to India. As a result the canal attracted considerable British investment in Egypt and in the canal itself. This was illustrated when Britain invaded Egypt in 1882 in response to nationalist riots. British intervention demonstrated how Britain recognized the need to protect the financial investments in Egypt, and most importantly secure the route to India, despite Gladstone’s own personal policy of non-intervention. Moreover, it demonstrates how strategic considerations were ultimately only significant in order to protect Britain’s trade routes and its economic interests in Africa. However, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 resulted in a turning point in European attitudes towards Africa. It was after this occupation that the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European powers began, thus creating the issue of extreme rivalry between the Great powers, something which was very important in motivating formal British control in Africa. Until the 1880’s Britain felt no real need to establish formal territorial control, instead it relied on an ‘informal empire’ in which they had established a purely economic influence. Britain had not wished for territorial control in Africa which they recognized absorbed time, people and money but rather economic exploitation at minimum cost. Yet British seizure of Egypt meant that other European nations began to show expansionist interest in the region which in turn threatened Britain’s informal arrangement, particularly in West and Southern Africa. For example, Britain had an interest in Nigeria but a danger was that important trade along the River Niger would be under threat from French expansion in the area. Similar pressure came when Germany seized Togoland and the Cameroons in 1884 and the Belgians set up the Congo Free State in 1885. As a result the government granted a Royal Charter to the Niger Company, out of which eventually emerged the colony of Nigeria. It is unlikely that the government would have regarded the interests of the Niger traders very sympathetically had it not been for its determination not to allow France, Belgium and Germany from grabbing land which would threaten British trade, something which was of foremost importance to Britain and it would not allow to be compromised. The scramble in West Africa had also resulted in Berlin West Africa Conference which laid down rules for future annexation of territory. The treaty stated that in order to gain land a nation had to prove that they were in ‘effective occupation’. This meant that before taking formal control, an economic influence had to be established in the region by private investors and entrepreneurs. For example, a noted ‘man on the spot’ was Cecil Rhodes. At the age of seventeen Rhodes went to Arica and became a multimillionaire through diamond and gold mining enterprises. In 1889 he founded the British South Africa Company and used this organization to push British control northwards from Cape Colony to establish Rhodesia, a colony named after himself. The role of the individual itself was of limited importance in driving or furthering British expansion into Africa as few entrepreneurs managed o push forward territory as Rhodes had. However, it was ultimately motivated by economic interests and it allowed the British government to most significantly protect British influence in an area by proving ‘effective occupation’ which therefore allowed Britain to compete in the scramble with other nations and thereby protect its trade and economic interests in Africa. Finally, of foremost importance in motivating British expansion into Africa was the economic interest the continent held for Britain. Firstly Britain’s colonies along the west coast had always been strategically important for the vital trade route to India and later North Africa became equally as vital in Britain’s route to India via the Suez Canal. However, beyond this Britain was extremely keen to exploit the continents abundance of natural materials and extremely valuable minerals. This is evident as Britain was clearly only interested in seizing colonies that, if not strategically important, were rich in materials to exploit. For example, Egypt was seized by Britain due to its vast economic importance as it provided the quick route to India and additionally produced high quality cotton which was much sought after by British textile manufacturers. Furthermore the attraction to the British of Nigeria lay in the palm oil trade as palm oil was used in the manufacture of soap and candles and as an industrial lubricant. Britain also saw great potential for trade in East Africa; Zanzibar imported significant quantities of manufactured goods from Britain and India. It was a major trading point from which came ivory and leather goods and into which went textiles, brass and steel from Britain. Britain’s primary interest was trade and economic gain. Without any economic potential in an area Britain was not interested in colonization, in contrast if a region held great economic investments, for example Egypt, Britain was quick to occupy the area despite its reluctance to extend formal control which it viewed as consuming time, people and money. In summary, Africa’s economic potential was clearly the primary reason for British expansion into Africa 1868-1902. Britain was not a solely altruistic nation which became involved in the continent purely to help the people, instead it was driven by its own gains. It is true that rivalry from other great European powers was vital in turning British control in Africa from informal into solid occupation, however essentially Britain’s determination not to allow other nations to grab land was to avoid threat to its trade and economic interests in a region. Moreover, Africa’s strategic importance was also highly valued by Britain, yet once again its ultimate value lay in its path along the crucial route to India and therefore the protection of Britain’s economic interest.

Lenovos Brand Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lenovos Brand Strategies - Case Study Example Mr. Yang Yuanqing, The acting CEO of Lenovo Group reported to Xinhua news agency in April 2009 that the recent cost cutting operations tagged to an aggressive branding and marketing strategy, unleashed by the company are expected to lead to an additional income of $ 300 million (Chao 2009). This will not only bring the company back on the profitability track, but will also strengthen its position as a brand in China and the other emerging markets. There is no denying the fact that Lenovo is definitely not immune to the ongoing meltdown that has hit China as well. Thus, the branding strategy and marketing communications of this firm certainly deserve the attention of interested individuals and concerns. The astounding fact is that in the Chinese PC market, Lenovo commands the most commendable brand awareness. In fact, it is amazing to acknowledge that the brand awareness of HP in China stands second to Lenovo (China Business News 2007). As per a survey conducted by the search engine Baidu, based on a sample of 43,400 cookies, associated with the data pertaining to PC related searches, nearly 16.38 percent of searches were attributed to Lenovo, with HP standing second, commanding a pathetic share of 9.19 percent (China Business News 2007). The same survey also declared Lenovo to be the top ranker in the Chinese notebook market, accruing an impressive share of 16.9 percent of all the searches (China Business News 2007). The given survey concluded beyond doubt that Lenovo commands exceptional brand awareness in the Chinese PC and notebook market, courtesy its innovative branding and marketing strategy. The effective branding strategy of Lenovo dose not happen to be a very recent phenomenon, but a plan that was conceptualized and unleashed by Lenovo at least half a decade ago. In 2005, Lenovo unravelled its new global brand strategy, which was to be first tested and fine-tuned in China. This new strategy was rolled on and implemented in the Chinese market by the end of 2005. The spike end of this strategy was to exploit the Think trademark that Lenovo inherited from IBM to target the elite corporate customers having a detectable predilection for Lenovo's high-end products. In contrast, Lenovo chose to retain its original corporate name to attract the marginal corporate customers and individual buyers interested in the company's regular and mainstream products. Hence, this double brand strategy chalked out by Lenovo turned out to be utterly successful in covering a whole range of customers located in China. Lenovo's brand integration with IBM materialized into a huge success that ce rtainly bolstered the company' brand appeal in China and the related markets. Yet, Lenovo was well aware of the possibility of diluting its brand identification to the much popular IBM brand. Hence, the top management decided to use IBM brand name for its PC products for a period of five years only. The main objective of this strategy was to eventually give way to a more identifiable and strong Lenovo brand appeal in the Chinese and world markets. Simply speaking, Lenovo intended to use the brand appeal of IBM as a launch

Plato, St.Thomas, Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plato, St.Thomas, Descartes - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to critically differentiate between the concepts of human person by Plato, St. Thomas and Rene Descartes. Plato believed that human person is basically a soul because it’s the most strongest of all and remains immortal. This clearly creates the relationship of mind and body to be of significance of hindrance. The human person is only able to reach to its core excellence within a group setting. According to Plato, body is the reason why the soul of a person will be distracted. Herein, it should be noted that the highest power that can be gained by the human person is none other than knowledge. Ultimately, Plato gave his viewpoint determining that the highest peak of knowledge i.e. power which can be gained by a human person is apprehension of the ideas. However, as noted above, soul is constantly distracted by the body in meeting the highest peak of knowledge. It should be noted that Plato has merely considered body to be the cage in which the soul gets locked. Plato has justified the comment of soul to gain eternal knowledge. At the point where one finds out that soul is the sole player of the power then knowledge is gained likewise. However, the fact remains that souls are merely imprisoned by the body that makes soul to undertake learning in a customized manner. Soul imprisoned within the body tends to create possibilities of learning other things as well. It is evident from the following quotation as well, â€Å"The lovers of learning know that when philosophy gets hold of their soul, it is imprisoned in and clinging to the body, and that it is forced to examine other things through it as through a cage and not by itself, and that it wallows in every kind of ignorance1†. The question arises that at what point can the soul be free from the body where the answer is clear, at death. Body becomes dead but soul remains for which it can fulfill the tasks that it need to do during the life course. In order to fully practice th e power, it is much significant for the soul to get freedom from being caged in the body. The most famous saying of Plato inhibited that those who practice philosophy and self-learning are basically yearning and practicing to become dead. This is in context of the previous statement where soul is to get powerful at the time of death because it is free from body. It will not be incorrect to state that Plato was basically a dualist. His viewpoints about human person, power inhibiting and knowledge etc. are quiet extreme for its own kind. Considering the appetites that are among the parts of soul, Plato marked that appetite is a power that sorts the need and desires of a human person differently. This makes evident that soul is basically searching its way to fulfill appetites. For some, it can be the intellect while for others it is the shelter that keeps them under an entitlement. This also interweaves the ideal of scientific knowledge i.e. in order to meet the appetite; a person may fulfill the chronology of societal bounding based upon science2. Another dimension to look at human person and everything in its concerned pattern is the view of St. Thomas. It should be noted here that St. Thomas also considered human person to be a soul. However, he did not consider body to be utterly invaluable. He has used a comparison method to discuss human person with animals. He noted that body in which the human soul is embodied is basically a way to differentiate humans from animals. At the

Interview with a manager on goal setting and organisational skills Essay

Interview with a manager on goal setting and organisational skills - Essay Example Business analysis is one of the most crucial phases of software development. The results of the analysis provide a basis for the phases that come in next. Any error in the business analysis could have a huge impact on the end product and would eventually lead to customer dissatisfaction (Carkenord, 2009). Questionnaire: Response 1 Do you have clear and specific goals? Mostly True 2 Do you have any planned outcomes regarding your life? Mostly True 3 Do you prefer general goals to specific goals? Mostly False 4 Do you work better without deadlines? Mostly True 5 Do you dedicate a part of your time everyday to plan out your work? Mostly False 6 Are you clear about the measures that would indicate the achievement of your goals? Mostly True 7 Do you work better by setting challenging goals for yourself? Mostly True 8 Do you help out others regarding clarification of their goals? Mostly True (Daft, Kendrick, & Vershinina, 2010) Comparison of scores: Mr. Thompson’s scored a total of six points. During the interview Mr. Thompson stated that he preferred setting goals that were specific to and were short term in nature. Other than that he has worked out various goals for different aspects of his life and is working towards the achievement of those goals. ... Moreover he didn’t dedicate any specific time during the day or during the week to plan. He felt that specific planning complicated his short term goals. The overall score of Mr. Thompson was of six points. The score of five points and above indicates that the individual possesses good behavior regarding goal setting (Daft, Kendrick, & Vershinina, 2010). The six points scored by Mr. Thompson is a clear indication that regarding goal setting he posse’s excellent skills and can use these skills to become an efficient leader. Goal setting and organizational skills: Goal setting is the procedure for assimilating the creation of various realistic objectives and goals that ought to be achieved by an individual. Also, the achievement should be noted within particular time duration (Rouillard, 2003). Goal setting for a person can be encouraged by informing them of what is expected of them. Personally a person sets goals for himself or herself to plan ahead for their life. Usual ly these goals are related to a person’s career or to their financial situations (Rouillard, 2003). Organizational skills help an individual manage time and various resources available to him or her at work or in personal life. Proper management of such resources enables a person to improve his or her productivity and provides efficiency in his performance. Organizational skills prioritize a person’s duties with respect to time (Facts on File, Inc., 2009). Various tools are used to help individuals manage these resources and their time at work. One such tool is a prioritized list. A prioritized list is a list of all the tasks that need to be completed by an individual in a particular period of time. The tasks on the list are arranged in order of urgency (Stroman,

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Answer the question - Assignment Example Lastly, depending on the time of the day, those students who will get interviewed quite possibly will have no classes; hence have the free time to walk around. The result of this particular study may get generalized in some populations, the first one being those that exhibit high levels of the eternal validity of the study (Fraenkel &Wallen , 2009). Secondly, the population should produce a sample nature as well as the environmental conditions that prove for generalization to get made. The particular sample of study must also represent the population of interest, the sample has to be relatively large so that the usefulness of the findings become unlimited. If these particular two communities meet the conditions for generalization, then the researcher can conclude by saying that playing soft classical music increases the ability of scholars in understanding arithmetic studies. At times, a researcher may feel not interested to generalize the result of a study, and this mostly happens when the particular samples used fails to show the external validity of the study. It may also occur in those samples used shows high levels of relevancy about the characteristics of the population under study. In some cases, the samples may fail to demonstrate some of the essential part of the population under study as well as the representation of the relevant variables. Finally, when the sample size is reasonably small or narrowly defined, the generalization from this particular study becomes limited. It is true, to some extent, that the larger a sample, the more justified a researcher is generalizing from it to a population. This can only be more valid if the researcher takes into account the issue of timing and proximity, among other factors depending on the given case study (Fraenkel &Wallen , 2009). The larger sample always tends to take into consideration on most of the essential and other relevant characteristics of the entire population,

Is Poland a consolidated democracy Research Paper

Is Poland a consolidated democracy - Research Paper Example The civil society, which gave voice to social groups, was a striking metaphysical idea that appeared to capture the wide gap between the ruled and rulers in the communist world (Biskupski 23). Only a few countries of the Soviet bloc - Poland and Hungary – exhibited sovereign structures of civil societies before the 90’s. These structures advocated, for this conceptual tool, to be applied in the whole region. Poland, in particular, pulled out from this Soviet bloc when the union broke. The country considers itself as a democracy, but questions have been raised to question this notion. Therefore, this paper will discuss whether or not Poland is a consolidated democracy giving facts in line with the instructions stated. The two-turnover test means that a nation has undergone the process of democratizing itself from an emergent democracy to a stable democracy (Davies 3). An emergent democracy must go through two democratic, as well as a peaceful turnover governing parties in order to become a stable democracy. Poland has undergone these changes, and it can be sternly ranked as a consolidated democracy (Davies 4). Poland, in 1989-1991, endorsed a democratic transition that put an end to the Polish Peoples Republic and created a democratic regime, which was referred to as the Polish Third Republic. After a decade of democratic consolidation, this country joined NATO, in 1999, along with the European Union (EU) in 2004. From the 70s to the 80s, tension increased between the citizens of Poland along with its Communist government. During this period, the rest of the Eastern bloc’s influence on the Soviet Union weakened. With the introduction of "perestroika" under Mikhail Gorbachev, in the Soviet Union, a chance was introduced finally to modify the system of ruling, after the harsh era of martial law (1981-83) brought by General Jaruzelski. After this period, Poland became a consolidated democracy (Davies 6). Poland

Automotive Technologies and the Environment Research Paper

Automotive Technologies and the Environment - Research Paper Example The automobiles are the prime cause of creating more carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbon. Whereas, the diesel engines are infamous for black smoke and gas turbines for the emission of soot, due to such reasons the automobiles are termed as one of the major sources of air pollution (Blarigan 1-19). Advancement in technologies has led to the creation of more dependence on vehicles for individuals’ primary means of transportation. As a result, the demand for vehicles has reached a new height in recent times, which in turn would increase the adverse effect on the environment. In this regard, traditional internal combustion technology will require fundamental development in order to achieve less emission of pollutants. Moreover, there is a major propensity that the adverse impacts of greenhouse gases can create multifaceted obligations if traditional internal combustion technology is being used (Ogden, Williams and Larson 7-27). Correspondingly, a prudent remedial measure can be achieved through an effective use of advanced technologies in the field of automotive engine and fuel technology, which will create less dependence on petroleum (Richard, â€Å"5 Technologies that Make Internal Combustion Engines Better†). Technology plays an imperative role in improving internal combustion technology through utilizing fuel saving technologies in the engines, along with direct injection, cylinder deactivation, turbochargers and variable valve timing and lift. Alternative automotive technologies can be referred to the advancement in the traditional internal combustion system through an increasing use of alternative fuel such as hydrogen, biodiesel and more effective technologies such as electrical and fuel cell vehicles. Effective use of alternative automotive technologies can act as a pioneering factor in reducing the emission of CO2 and energy

WEEK 3 APLICATION 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 3 APLICATION 1 - Essay Example dly, the decision of the researcher to use of project management office staff, project planner, or portfolio manager in carrying out the surveys was quiet significant in drawing the relationship between e-leadership styles and the success of virtual project managers. As such, the researcher effectively addressed the research problem using the Leadership Behavioral Analysis II-Self (LABII-Self) surveys and direct project staff thus avoiding bias in the study. Indeed, the concurrent triangulation mixed methods design research helps to attain the consistency of the study and thus its results. Ideally, since the project managers took part in the study, the results realized would help the project managers to improve the practice of managing virtual projects and thus their success (Lee, 2010). Nevertheless, since the project management office staff, project planner, or portfolio managers taking part in the Leadership Behavioral Analysis are stakeholders in the study, their emanates a slim chance of biased information due to competing interests among the sample population. Actually, the results of such a study equally depended on the independence, diligence, and honesty of the interviewees. Indeed, as seen in the results of the study, the researcher established varying results in the quantitative and qualitative responses on situational leadership techniques with reference to effects on running virtual projects. The lack of the study to establish distinct levels of success between managers with high e-leadership styles and those with low scores proves that there is a discrepancy in the results (Lee, 2010). Because of this, more and detailed research on this and other related topics is necessary in deducing the e-leadership styles that determine the success of virtual proje cts. This equally calls for the application of the situational leadership theory for attainment of reasonable results relating to virtual projects. Indeed, had the researcher considered other

Title VII in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Title VII in the Workplace Essay History and evolution. Many employees can face discrimination or sexual harassment claims nowadays. Even in the US Congress, such cases are reported frequently. It is very difficult for the managers of companies to deal with this kind of problems because they can cost large sums of money to the company. For example, TX Bar Journal estimated that the average large corporation pays approximately $6.7 million to investigate, defend, and either settle or pay judgments for sexual harassment claims. Therefore, it has become very important for companies, especially nowadays, to pay lots of attention to legislation regulating discrimination in the workplace. It is much cheaper for the company to make studies of the necessary laws and make sure human resources management always takes into consideration everything marked in those acts than suffer losses from claims. Even though it is impossible to take into consideration every single aspect marked in the legislation, most of them can be followed without any difficulties. All of the people working and living in the United States want to have equal abilities for working and developing their career and building their happy future. If in the beginning of the century discrimination could be not punished, at present people believe in the ideals of democracy and fight for their rights because they want to have a prosperous future. People of different religions and outlooks live and work in the US and it is very important for companies to ensure equal conditions for them in the workplace. Title VII is one of the most important laws regulating the mentioned problems. Title VII coverage. Title VII is one of the most general laws which protects individuals from job discrimination in different fields, while all other laws regulating job discrimination sphere focus on issues which were not completely covered in the Title VII or which need some special description. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was adopted in 1964 which makes it the oldest law in the list of laws regulating discrimination in the workplace and which therefore means that it is a basic law in the field. Title VII covers all of the private employers, state and local governments, and education institutions that employ 15 or more individuals, private and public employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor management committees controlling apprenticeship and training. General characteristics, policies, and impact. According to Title VII, it is considered illegal to discriminate in the following aspects of employment, such as: hiring and firing; compensation, assignment, or classification of employees; transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; job advertisements; recruitment; testing; use of company facilities; training and apprenticeship programs; fringe benefits; pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or other terms and conditions of employment. The mentioned aspects are the most important in the field because they cover all the general areas of discrimination where an individual can be denied his rights. There are also some other aspects which Title VII also prohibits, for example harassment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or age; retaliation against an individual for filing a charge of discrimination, participating in an investigation, or opposing discriminatory practices. The act prohibits employment decisions based on stereotypes or assumptions about the abilities, traits, or performance of individuals of a certain sex, race, age, religion, or ethnic group, or individuals with disabilities; and denying employment opportunities to a person because of marriage to, or association with, an individual of a particular race, religion, national origin, or an individual with a disability. It is considered an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, or privileges of employment, because of such individuals race, religion, sex, or origin. Title VII also prohibits discrimination because of participation in schools or places of worship associated with a particular racial or religious group. Title VII prohibits not only intentional discrimination, but also practices that have the effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, color, national origin. For example, at some jobs employers might want to require their employees to conduct their work only in English and therefore they have to speak English fluently, or otherwise they will not be employed. According to Title VII, this is going to be considered discrimination unless the employer can prove that without this knowledge, the employee will be unable to conduct any work in the particular job for which he is applying. Oftentimes people cannot get a particular job not because of their disability to work in this position but because some member of the family is of a certain race which is considered unacceptable by the employer, or because of religion which appears unacceptable to the employer, or because the individual is disabled, or because he does not speak English. Without any legislation prohibiting those practices, employees could never be protected against those practices and would have to suffer from discrimination which becomes very common in such multinational society as American Society. That is why human resources management in the companies should always be knowledgeable in all the aspects which Title VII and all other discrimination prohibiting legislation cover and make sure they avoid all the practices which may discriminate against certain employees or job applicants. Bibliography. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). Civil Rights Act of 1991.

The Role Of Women In Ministry

The Role Of Women In Ministry There are number of controversies surrounding womans role in the church with woman in ministry being one of them. Should a woman preach. Is it appropriate for a woman to be a leader in the church? What does the Bible say about this issue? Although, a woman being a priest is an acceptable view in various churches it is still not widely accepted. This is one of the most debatable issues surrounding the life of the church with no ultimate conclusions made. Some people believe that the main role of a woman is to be a caring mother and loving wife. While others think that a woman is able to preach and can be an amazing priest or leader. However, this is definitely not the matter of men vs. women, or in other words, the discrimination of a gender. It is issue of womans role in the church, which basically arises from mistakenly interpreting Bible. In this paper I will explore the three diverging views on women in ministry in the church (1) women can be a part of the church, serving as the preachers. (2) Women should fulfill their primary goal to take care of the family, (3) Both men and women can be great leaders. One way to look at women in ministry in the church is to be supportive. In traditional Judaism a womans primary role is to be a mother, a wife, a housekeeper. Is this statement limits a womans eagerness to serve? The answer is no. Since traditional Judaism also claims that women have a big influence on all families spiritual life. Looking back to the ancient times, Greek men considered women by nature intellectually inferior to men. (Bell, 1994, p.197) They are the ones that teach their children about the truth of God. They are the ones who raise priests, rabbis, and the highest rulers of the church. The fact that women were not allowed to go to the synagogue does not necessarily mean that they have no rights into the ministry in the church and have no voice regarding the issues of the church. Religion does not simply appear only in the synagogue. The basi cs of the religion emerge at home, where women are spreading the Good News. There have been instances in which women have begun ministries, missionary endeavors, or Christian organizations only to be later displaced by men in leadership positions. (Tucker Liedeld, 1987, p. 435). This argument proves that women are able to set a good example, to be good leaders and serve others. By showing hospitality, sharing the gospel, and giving generously to the needy, the women of the early Church contributed greatly both to the spread of Christianity and to the support of the Christian community of which they were a part. (Lynn, White). Most of the times it is not a womens decision to serve in the church, but the calling of Holy Spirit, that cannot be contempt. On the other hand, there are many disagreements about woman being a priest. One of the main disagreements is that firstly she has to accomplish her main goal childbearing and housekeeping. Men and women were created for different purposes, to fulfill his/her duties. Woman was sent to this earth in order to take care of the family. Having an important role in ministry in the church would not allow her to devote herself fully for the family. What is the purpose of serving in the church, if ones children are not fed and crying at home? It is believed, that woman is not able to serve and take care of the family at once. If she is fully devoted to God, then there is no time left for teaching her own children. Another point, which is proved by Bible is that women should not have an authority over men, I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man (1 Tim. 2:12) or another verse emphasize that women should not teach or preach in the churches, women should remain silent i n the churches (1 Cor. 14:34). As it is mentioned in the book Daughters of the Church, Then the argument runs: woman is not inferior, but God himself has ordained a submissive role for Church her that excludes certain church activities. It is widely discussed that women are not allowed to have an important role in the ministry in the church simply because Jesus was a man. Also, his twelve apostles were all man. Catholic Church declares that While He was on earth, Jesus chose men to be His apostles and He passed on authority to these men to carry out His work of preaching the good news and forgiving sins. (The Priesthood, 2010) It is believed that there is a reason for that. Looking from this perspective, womans calling is to take care of the family, be modest and let the men to take a role in the ministry at the church. When women care about the Church and sense the Holy Spirit calling them to share the Good News and nurture believers, the stained-glass ceiling used by Church to lim it womens authority quickly becomes oppressive. (Finger, Sandhaas, 2011, p. 67) In order to appreciate what God has said, one have to consider, that the boundaries for women to be an authority over men, does not necessarily mean that they cannot be teachers or spiritual leaders. The Bible also does not restrict women from teaching children. The only activity women are restricted from is teaching or having spiritual authority over men. This logically would preclude women from serving as pastors to men. This does not make women less important, by any means, but rather gives them a ministry focus more in agreement with Gods plan and His gifting of them. (Lynn, White) Therefore, women primarily should concentrate on their family and do not try to get involve into the life of the church and to obtain an authority over a man. Last, but definitely not the least, is the perspective that both women and men can encompass significant roles in the ministry at the church. I strongly support thi s view, since it can be proved by Pauls saying that, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. (Gal 3:28) According to Bible, both men and women are created by the image of God. If people would interpret this statement correctly, without any routing around, it would be clear that actually women are equal to men. As long as woman and man are in Christ they are one and the same. Ones calling or mission is not superior to the other. Theologians Tucker and Liefeld claim that Christians-both male and female-should, like the Son of Man, come to serve, not to be served. Questions about authority in the church, and particularly about the ministry of women, might be resolved more biblically if attention were given to the fact that ministry means serving. (Tucker, Liedeld, 1987, p. 441). This statement concludes that women can also preach and serve if their calling would be interpreted as serving. As it was mentioned before in this paper, women are able to teach and to preach as good as men do. Therefore, if there appears a situation when womens help is needed, she always can endure her ministry in the church. The most important thing is that women would not neglect her family. For proper interpretation of this issue Bible has to be understood in a full context. Most of the debates come from New Testament passages, however, Old Testament has many great proves of women in ministry. First of all, it is written in Genesis, God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. (Gen 1:27) This issue goes along with the Imago Dei doctrine, since everybody is equal in the eyes of the Lord. God has no intentions to set a barrier between the genders. Also, there are many examples of women in ministry in early church. One of them is Deborah, who was considered as a prophetess. She was a judge of Israel, who demonstrated great leadership to the entire nation. Also, four da ughters of Philip are excellent examples of how the Holy Spirit works trough women and allows them to contribute to making Gods promise come true. There are much more great examples how women did their contribution to the spread of Christianity and helped to fulfill Gods will. To my way of thinking, to restrict womens role in all of the life of the church is an obvious denial of gospel. The only issue that could appear is that women can be too spiritually devoted. If this problem appears, she should focus on her primary duties. To be a mother and at the same time a spiritual leader is a big challenge. Therefore, this is the main issue why women could not be fully engaged in the life of the church. However, I do not find it inappropriate if a woman devotes herself only to God and serves people, if she has a calling from Holy Spirit. A great example is a Mother Teresa, who devoted her life for serving other. Till these days she is the most honored woman in the life of church. She had a great impact on millions of people and fulfilled her mission on earth in the best possible way. A famous orthodox priest once said, Today women make enormous and significant contributions to human societies. Their nurturing rule role within the family as grandmothers, wives, mothers and daughters provide a stabilizing influence upon the structure of the family. Indeed as Christians, women provide the church irreplaceable assistance. (Seraphim) From all of these examples, I can state that women can indeed have a great impact on other people, therefore the distinctive line should be eliminated regarding women versus men preaching and serving in the church. Based on the discussion provided in this paper, should women have a role in the ministry in the church? There are many diverse opinions regarding this issue, however, I would state that both, men and women could be a good leaders and both could have an important role in the ministry in the church as long they have a calling and it does not contradict their primary duties. I would claim that the issue of the role of women in ministry in the church is ambiguous. To my way of thinking, the main problem is false interpretation of the Scripture. People often take few Bible verses and interpret them in their own way, without a full context, meaning and deeper understanding of the traditional Judaism culture. It is ussualy based on narrow thinking; which is mixed with pagan understanding and is useful for some particular layers of society. In the traditional Judaism women were highly valued and had an important role to educate their children. Only because of an excessive responsibility that they had in family and their devotion to the beloved ones, they could not be fully engaged in ministry in the church. After all, every woman, no matter who is she, a mother or a wife, if she is dedicated to serving God, if she feels that she is called by Holy spirit to take care of others, she has to appreciate this gift from Go d and not be afraid to fullfill the Gods will. Women, who are actively involved in churchs life, are surrounded by many different assessments. Nowadays women are working in various theology departments or conferences. Even in LCC International University we have women proffessors, who are dedicated to their work and are willing to share their experience, knowledge and complete their missionary work. The main problem is that our thinking is biased and it is framed that only men can dominate and be great leaders. In my opinion, as long as you have a gift from God to lead, to teach, then there is no longer an issue if the leader is a man or a woman. If it fulfills Gods wish to spread the Good News, everyone could be a teacher. Overall, both men and women should be engaged in the life of church, and both can bring their contribution to all levels of ministry.

Louis Riel Essay -- essays research papers

On October 23, 1844, in Red River Manitoba, Louis Riel Sr and Julie Lagimodiere, devout Christians, brought a young Mà ©tis boy into the world. Little did they know, Louis Riel Jr. would grow up to become known to many as â€Å"the founder of Manitoba.† His life was filled with excitement, both political and personal. The question is, were his actions against the government acts of honor and truth, or deception and lies?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Riel Jr.’s political adventures did not begin until he was 25. On November 23, 1869, Riel proposed the formation of a provincial government to replace the Council of Assiniboia because he did not believe that they were not doing their jobs well enough to improve the dull life in Red River. On December 10th his flag flew on the pole at Fort Gary. Riel held a convention of twenty French and twenty English Canadians to draw up a new list of rights. The convention sat a week and finished on February 10th. Riel soon formed another provincial government that was more represented than the last. Three delegates were chosen from the provincial government to present the list of formed rights to the Canadian government: Father Noà «l Ritchot, Judge Black and Alfred Scott . On March 24th, the three delegates left for Ottawa to negotiate entry into Confederation and discuss the list of rights. Finally on May 12th, 1870, the list of rights, now known as the â€Å"Manit oba Act† , was passed by Canadian parliament. One section protected Mà ©tis lands, guaranteed the right to their religion, and the use of their language in the legislature and courts, but it seemed not enough. December 16th 1884, Riel dispatched a petition to Ottawa demanding that settlers be given title to the lands they occupied, that the districts of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Assiniboia be granted provincial status, that laws be passed to encourage nomadic Indians and Mà ©tis to settle on the lands and that they be better treated. On February 11th, 1885, the government answered the petition by promising to appoint a commissioner to investigate the Mà ©tis claims and titles. First, a lengthy census would be taken of the Mà ©tis. Riel, since little had been accomplished, questioned his own leadership qualities. The Mà ©tis reaffirmed their vision of Riel as a leader and asked him to continue as their leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not long after these issues were tabled, a ... ...nment feared him? Whatever the reason, it was wrong. No man can be exiled without a clear, good reason , says the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This Charter was established in 1872. Long before the trial. Riel’s exile is one of the main reason Riel was viewed as a traitor: not good enough for Canada. It appears that Riel’s treacherous deeds were merely a myth, brought upon by the government to stir fear in the heart of Riel followers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So to answer the question of â€Å"truth or treason?† I say truth. Riel began his own provincial government, improving it as time went on; even in a weak moment of question, his people supported him. When battle and political issues drove him from his home, he did it with grace; yet, when he returned he spoke eloquently on the subject. Even during his trial, he spoke with all the dignity and honor of a gentleman and a hero. His death was for his people. If that does not prove his honor, I do not know what does. Riel’s life and troubles have taught us much. In the future, we must not allow the government to control whom we believe in. We cannot allow another honorable person to die because he or she are seen as a threat.

All The King’s Men :: essays research papers

The title of the book is All The King’s Men and the Publication date for this book is 1996. The author Robert Penn Warren was a very famous author. His life was full of many achievements that helped him become recognized. He even won the Pulitzer Prize for this book All The King’s Men. Warren was inspired to write this book because when he was younger he lived in the state of Louisiana and around this time Huey P. Long was already an established politician. Warren started out writing poetry but then turned to writing novels. His works are loved and cherished by many and even used in today’s schools. It is safe to say that Robert Penn Warren was one of America’s most brilliant writers. This book takes place in the southern part of the United States in the 1930s. Although Warren never reveals the true setting of this book, one can conclude that this took place in Louisiana seeing how Warren became inspired in that state by a person who is mirrored in this very book. Part of this novel is in Mason City. Another place in this novel is Burden’s Landing Jack , the main character, goes there many times because this is his hometown. This novel is mainly about the rise and fall of the political figure Willie Stark told through the eyes of his business associate and friend Jack Burden. Willie stark in his early political career is all for helping the people and trying to do what is best for them. As he gains power and the trust of his people he soon becomes corrupt by the evils of success. Characters Jack Burden- He is the narrator of this story and he is the companion of Willie Stark. He works at a newspaper company before getting a job from Willie after they become acquainted . Readers will learn his story while they are learning about the life of Willie. Willie Stark-He becomes a treasurer of Mason City and from there his political career takes flight. After becoming a treasurer Stark decides to study law and become a lawyer. After he receives some success he runs for governor and becomes a power-hungry politician. Sadie Burke-She was an employee and mistress of Willie Stark. She has a crude behavior and has an outspoken personality. Later she becomes very intolerant in all the women Stark is with. Two reoccurring motifs and symbols are The Great Sleep and the Hospital.

Civil engineering (outline) :: essays research papers

Civil Engineer I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A construction engineer can plan, design, and build any thing from roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, dams, and water systems all over the world. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job Information A. Pay 1. In Idaho they get paid $17.50 to $41.88 2. Nationally they get paid $19.65 to $44.24 B. Special requirements 1. Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 2. Engineering license a. 4 years as an engineer in training b. Pass the professional engineer exam C. Employment 1. About 228,000 work as civil engineers in Nationally 2. About 1,180 civil engineers work III. Preparations A. Complete a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 1. A lot get a master’s degree B. Have strong observational skills C. Be creative IV. Specific Activities A. Plan, design, and build 1. Roads 2. Buildings 3. Airports, 4. Tunnels 5. Bridges 6. Dams 7. Water systems B. Test for strength 1. Soil 2. Materials C. Conduct studies 1. Traffic patterns 2. Environmental conditions V. Work conditions A. Physical 1. Work both indoors and outdoors 2. Exposed to contaminants 3. Exposed to very hot or cold weather 4. Exposed to hazardous equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hours/ travel 1. Usually work standard 40-hour weeks 2. May work longer to meet deadlines 3. Travel a lot to get to work sites B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal relationships 1. Deal with external costumers or associates 2. Sometimes placed in a conflict situation VI. Common Activities A. Think creatively B. Use computers C. Provide information 1. Devices 2. Equipment 3. Structures D. Estimate 1. Size 2. Time 3. Cost 4. Quantities 5. Materials needed VII. Skills and abilities A. Use math and science 1. Choose a mathematical method 2. Use math skills to solve problems

Discrimination of Micronesians in Hawaii Essay

Since the COFA (Compact of Free Association) Act was formalized between the Pacific Island nations of Micronesia and the United States in 1986, there have been rising influxes of Micronesian citizens that have the privilege of entering the U. S. without the need for a visa or time limit. These FAS (Freely Associated States) include the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia. While there is no obligation to immigrate to a specific state within the U. S. , many choose to settle on Hawai’i. Due to its proximity to their home islands and tropical environment, the Micronesian population in Hawai’i has been steadily increasing during recent years. It is estimated that around 15,000 COFA migrants are currently residing in Hawai’i, where they subsequently face many barriers as new immigrants, including language, social and cultural barriers. Specifically, there is an ever-growing presence of Micronesian stereotyping and marginalization that is frequently exhibited by other ethnic populations in Hawai’i. Because they are seen as the â€Å"newest† population to arrive on the islands and the fastest growing, Micronesians are subject to many forms of discrimination. In recent years, our local community has been ill-equipped and misinformed about the Micronesian population. Consequently, our unfamiliarity has contributed to their isolation and discrimination within the Hawai’ian Islands. It is important for us as residents of Hawai’i to bridge the gap that exists between Micronesians and what we perceive as our own â€Å"local society†. Due to our society being misinformed and social control factors at work, we perceive Micronesians as being inept, destitute and imprudent. There are several barriers that hinder Micronesian assimilation within the islands. One such barrier is within the health care system. In Dr. Yamada’s article titled, â€Å"Discrimination in Hawaii and the Health of Micronesians†, he says Micronesians are often victims of â€Å"inferior care or denial of services†. There are instances of Micronesian patients that are denied services and being referred to another clinic, or being discriminated against due to their perceived lack of adherence to treatment plans. Personally, I believe that there is a kind of â€Å"ignorance† that health care providers bestow upon Micronesian patients. In 2006, I began working as a volunteer for the Kaka’ako homeless shelter and clinic started by Dr. Jill Omori that included inhabitants comprised mostly of Micronesian ethnicity. Many of them were unable to find a job and help themselves financially. Those individuals who lacked the means to support their family also sought refuge at the shelter. I observed that a lot of the older Micronesian shelter inhabitants could not speak English, and those who did only had limited basic knowledge and phrases that they used. What was surprising, however, was that most of the doctors and medical students who treated these patients did not having a working knowledge of the Chuukese language, which is spoken by the majority of the Micronesians. Many of these patients used the help of their children who were fortunate to attend public schools. Thus, a language barrier had existed, and still to this day, is continually a major factor in the fair treatment of health care delivery among Micronesians. In the health care system, it can be challenging to relay medical information from English into Chuukese. Pobutsky et. al. uggests having health education materials translated and readily available for Micronesian patients. Pobutsky also notes that having interpreters fluent in Chuukese is essential. Regarding denial of health services, Yamada talks about how COFA migrants were denied MED-QUEST (a Medicaid program) benefits in July 2010 by the Hawai’i State Administration. It was reinstated 4 months later because the denial was in direct violation of the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. Such discrimination is not only seen in our health care system, but also within the confines of social and economic settings. Yamada suggests that examining and countering â€Å"prevailing social forces† will help eliminate discrimination. By my personal interpretation, he is saying we must realize that social forces – such as the criminal justice system and the government – are shared by all of us as one single community in Hawai’i. By being responsible and looking out for one another regardless of race or ethnicity, we can close the social bridge that divide us. In other words, we must be proactive and bring to light the issues that face Micronesian immigrants who are treated unfairly. Another brief policy report from the Hawai’i Appleseed Center for Law and Economic Justice (HACLEJ) provides accounts of stigmatization by governmental leaders towards COFA migrants. The report further goes on to explain how there is an absence of interpreters available to help COFA migrants within labor, housing and court disputes. Within the context of the court system, it can be a challenge for someone convicted who does not have a working knowledge of the English language. HACLEJ emphasizes the need to â€Å"stimulate awareness, advocacy and action† in order to better address Micronesians living in Hawai’i. Several paths can be taken to address discrimination issues against Micronesians. Already, there are many advocates and groups that support Micronesians and other at-risk migrants. Some of these groups do not receive funding from the state of Hawai’i, and must rely on private funds to continue their work. There are also few research projects that involve Micronesians living in Hawai’i and thus there is little information in regards to ethnographic and qualitative studies. Additionally, surveys measuring Micronesians’ health needs and risk factors should be included within the context of how to better deliver health care. Within the political system, our lawmakers should be better informed and take more consideration into immigration affairs. Pobutsky et. al. gives several examples of health service programs that are currently in the process of addressing the language barriers and health concerns of Micronesians, but there is much more work to be done in order to achieve long-term success. Allocation of state and government funds should be directed towards creating more educational and social programs that can help better address disparities quite often seen with newly arrived immigrants. Based in part by my own personal experiences and also through research, many Micronesians are illiterate and lack a good work ethic to succeed in future endeavors. Because Micronesians are discriminated both in the job market and in school, they may perceive themselves as being unable to achieve success that is often seen with other ethnicities. Consequently many of them, especially Micronesian youths, engage in criminal behavior and illicit activities. My worry is that this cycle will manifest itself unchecked among these youths well into adulthood and create more harm than good within the criminal justice system of Hawai’i. As citizens of a diverse society in Hawai’i, we need to be more proactive and open-minded on issues that deal with the Micronesian population as a whole. Local perspectives that Micronesians are a kind of â€Å"deviance† on the islands and a â€Å"burden† to our society are obstructive to our continuous theme of the â€Å"Aloha spirit†. We must come together as a society and be more considerate and helpful to those who we might think less highly of. As long as institutions of power continue to ignore the problem of discrimination and disparity, then recent immigrants who include Micronesians will continue to face hardship. In our study of social control theory, there is the idea of â€Å"strain† that is frequently seen in societies that stress hard work and having a good education. More research efforts and studies must be done in order to better assess disparities present within the Micronesian population in Hawai’i, as well as having adequate funding by the state to support programs that meet the needs of the Micronesian community.

The Aging Special Senses

Vanessa McClain Anatomy and Physiology GE 258 Unit 9. Assignment 2. The Aging Special Senses Thursday, November 17, 2011 1. ) Age-related Macular Disease – Is a disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp, central vision. Central vision is needed for seeing objects clearly and for common daily tasks such as reading and driving. AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. There are two forms of age-related macular degeneration: Dry form and Wet form. The dry form is characterized by the presence of yellow deposits, called drusen, in the macula. A few drusen may not cause change in vision; however, as they grow in size and increase in number, they may lead to a dimming or distortion of vision that people find most noticeable when they read. In more advanced stages, there is also a thinning of the light-sensitive layer of cells in the macula leading to atrophy, or tissue death. In the atrophic form, patients may have blind spots in the center of their vision. The wet form is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels from the choroid underneath the macula. These blood vessels leak blood and fluid into the retina, causing distortion of vision that makes straight lines look wavy, as well as blind spots and loss of central vision. They eventually scar, leading to permanent loss of central vision. They affect daily life in that there is struggle to do housework, studying, shopping, enjoying leisure activities and interests such as reading. 2. ) Glaucoma – Is a disease in which damage to the optic nerve leads to progressive, irreversible vision loss because the aqueous humor does not flow out of the eye properly and fluid pressure builds up over time causing damage to the optic nerve. It is the second leading cause of blindness. It affects one’s daily life such as driving or playing certain sports . It causes contrast sensitivity, problems with glare, and light sensitivity which interfere with daily activities. 3. ) Cataracts – Are cloudy areas in the lens inside the eye which is normally clear. There are two types: Age related cataracts which appear later in life and congenital cataracts, that may be present when a baby is born or shortly after birth. Cataracts cause an individual to see halos around lights. In some, the glare from car ights become bothersome and driving at night may be dangerous. Although far sight is affected more than near vision. If the cataracts are bad enough, it can make reading more difficult as well. 4. ) Detached Retina – Is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, l eading to vision loss and blindness. It affects daily activities because of the sudden appearance of â€Å"floaters†, (dark, semi-transparent, floating shapes) in the field of vision or a shower of black dots. These are actually red blood cells because all retinal tears bleed a little when they occur. ) It causes a loss of central vision, a loss of peripheral vision called the â€Å"curtain effect† and brief, bright flashes of light which may be most noticeable when you move your eyes in the dark. 5. ) Deafness (sensorineural and conductive) – Sensorineural hearing loss is due to damage to the pathway that sound impulses take from the hair cells of the inner ear to the auditory nerve and the brain. Conductive hearing loss is caused by anything that interferes with the transmission of sound from the outer to the inner ear. Both of these hearing losses affect daily life because you may experience difficulty localizing sounds or understanding speech in busy environments and participating in everyday normal conversations which can lead to social isolation, frustration, tension, anger, stress and depression. 6. ) Meniere’s Disease – Is a disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance to a varying degree. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss, though usually in one ear. It affects daily life because for some, sounds appear tiny or distorted and may experience unusual sensitivity to noises. In addition, you may experience a sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears and unilateral or bilateral tinnitus. Some may have parasitic symptoms, which aren’t necessarily symptoms of Meniere’s, but rather side effects from other symptoms. Typically these are nausea, vomiting and sweating. 7. ) Ataxia – Is an inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, most often results from disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve the limbs, head or trunk. Affects one’s daily life because it can alter a person’s walking pattern. For e. . wide based unsteady gain with difficulty stopping, turning and problem walking in poorly lit areas. It can cause falls due to postural instability, difficulty with tasks requiring fine control and coordination, tremors during voluntary movement, slurred speech and altered handwriting. 8. ) Hyposomnia – literally means â€Å"less† sleep. I t is a condition whereby a person does not need as much sleep as a normal individual. Specifically, they sleep less than 6 hours per night, but are adequately rested. It may occur at the onset, during or at the termination of sleep, and is common among the elderly. It affects daily life because the person that sleeps less but feels they need more experience the same problems as the person with insomnia that cannot sleep more than a few hours but feel they need more. It affects everyday life and activities because it is usually accompanied by general emotional upset, depression, or anxiety. References Conductive and Sensorineural hearing loss | Hearing Aid Know. (n. d. ). Hearing aids – hearing loss – help, information and blog – hear aids | Hearing Aid Know. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. hearingaidknow. om/2007/10/25/conductive-and-sensorineural-hearing-loss/ Detached Retina (or Retinal Detachment): Eye Conditions: Patient Care: U-M Kellogg Eye Center. (n. d. ). University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. kellogg. umich. edu/patientcare/conditions/detached. retina. html Manan Hearing Care | Types of Hearing Loss. (n. d. ). Manan Hearing Care | #1 Midwest On-Site Hearing Care. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://mananhearing. com/types_of_hearing_loss. html Meniere's disease – MayoClinic. com. (n. d. ). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/menieres-disease/DS00535 What is Cataracts?. (n. d. ). Consumer Reports: Expert product reviews and product Ratings from our test labs. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. consumerreports. org/health/conditions-and-treatments/cataracts/what-is-it. htm What is Glaucoma? | Glaucoma Research Foundation. (n. d. ). Glaucoma Research Foundation. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http://www. glaucoma. org/glaucoma/what-is-glaucoma. php? gclid=CO2f2Jvns6wCFY3KKgodyH2rIQ hyposomnia (thing)@Everything2. com. (n. d. ). Everything2. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from

Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of Aquinas’ Cosmological Argument

a) Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Aquinas’ cosmological arguments. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument based on the question of the relation of the universe’s existence and God’s existence. This argument focuses on the theory that if the universe exists then something must have caused it to existence, ie. A God or Creator. Supporters of this argument claim that to fully comprehend the existence of the universe, one must rely on a theory of a God however critics would say that due to the inability to prove God’s existence means that the universe cannot be fully explained.Many who don’t support the cosmological believe there doesn’t necessarily need to be an explanation for the universe’s existence as it simply exists. Some strengths of the cosmological argument is that it gives an explanation and reason for the universe as oppose to thinking everything just exists because it does. People may find comfort in th e cosmological argument and believing that a God created the universe as it gives the impression that everything in the universe has a specific purpose instead of just being random.Another strength is due to the argument being an a posteriori argument and it being from everyday experience of the universe. In other words, our experience of the universe aids our understanding that certain aspects of the universe have specific purposes and exist for specific reasons which gives strong support for this argument. The fact that the argument also helps develop an understanding of popular questions helps it to be a strong theory. A question such as ‘Why is there a universe? can be answered with the cosmological argument as believing that God created the universe provides an answer. The ideas on cause and effect, motion and change and contingency are clear and easy to follow making it comprehendible and easy to support. For many people, the idea that God is the cause of the universe is straightforward and no more explanation is required. Aquinas put forward three questions to answer the inquires about God’s existence whilst forming the cosmological argument.There were five proofs which he came up with but his three ways are commonly used as the cosmological argument for the existence of God. The first way is motion, the second is causation and the third way is the idea that God as a necessary being. The first way which Aquinas provided was very focused on the fact that the universe constantly changes and experiences motion which he went on the relate to the change being caused by an original Creator or God. He believed that we can observe that things in the world are always in motion or changing and is changing from a potential state to an actual state.A chain of events causes things to change from one state to another through the process of motion but the chain of movers cannot continue the process of change and motion forever as then there would be no fi rst mover (I. e. God) and then there would be no other movers. Aquinas emphasised that the first mover was not put into motion by anyone else and is essentially God. This makes the cosmological argument a strong argument to support as helps explain the reason why the universe is constantly changing. Aquinas produced the second way of causation also known as the First Cause Argument.This argument concentrated on the fact that cause and effect existed in the world. Aquinas stressed that all events that happened had a cause and must either be infinite or have its starting point in a first cause. Aquinas couldn’t believe in an endless chain of causes and effects and therefore assumed there had to be some first cause, which was God. Aquinas continued this argument to say that nothing can be a cause of itself. This is a large strength of Aquinas’ cosmological argument as things cannot simply bring themselves into existence so the explanation of a first cause is extremely log ical.Aquinas theory of a first cause gives way for God being called the first uncaused cause as he came to existence unlike anything else. The third way of Aquinas’ cosmological argument is about the idea that God is a necessary being. This argument states that because everything in the universe is contingent and dependant on something else for its existence, the universes explanation leads back to something non-contingent. Everything in the universe is dependant on something else which means that once there was a time when nothing existed. This means that the being which created the niverse must have been external to it and also must be a necessary being, aka, must have always existed. Aquinas continued to argue that this necessary being is God and that if God didn’t exist, nothing else would. This logically explains the existence of the universe without it being contradictory of God’s existence, making the argument strong. However, Aquinas’ cosmological argument did receive some criticisms from David Hume. Hume put forward several responses to the cosmological idea, provided an alternative argument to Aquinas’ beliefs.Hume believed that the idea of the necessary being was incoherent and illogical. Also, he questioned the relation between causes and effects and that every event has a cause. His response to this is that the argument provided no proof for events having causes and as humans, we never actually experience causation therefore providing an argument against the first and second way which Aquinas produced. Hume also criticised the idea of the first cause as he implied it was too confusing to follow.The word ‘cause’ itself creates confusion as the first cause doesn’t have anything to do with the actual cause which we understand. There is a contradiction as the world ‘cause’ implies a finite thing whereas a God would be infinite. Hume pointed out that calling God a cause made him seem l ike he belonged with all the other finite beings. Another one of Hume’s arguments against Aquinas’ idea of a first cause was his criticism that there is no proof saying there should be only one first cause or that that first cause was the Christian God.The ‘uncaused cause’ that Aquinas described is a largely different character to the Christian God and Aquinas doesn’t specify of any qualities which God is supposed to behold. Hume labelled this idea illogical as the God Aquinas described was a being out of touch and indifferent to the universe he apparently caused. Hume questioned the necessity of claiming the whole universe has a cause just because it can be explained by a chain of causes. Hume argued that you cannot claim the universe has a cause just because all things in the universe supposedly has a cause.He also claimed that since the universe is beyond our experience, how can we know that the universe has a first cause? Aquinas believed that t he universe could not have just come into existence yet Hume’s argument implied that there is nothing saying that this is not correct and now science can efficiently explain that the universe may have just come into existence randomly. This argument successfully defeats Aquinas’ view about a first cause causing the universe to exist.

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Essay

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Health insurance policies have set limits on what services will be paid for with a terminally ill person in the home and these limitations may conflict with the nurse’s obligation to provide care for the terminally ill patient (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). Speaking with the family of a 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain, they express concern that they are beginning to have increase difficulty managing this condition. The patient is receiving hospice currently in the home, but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. Community nurses working in the homes of dying patients often encounter many forms of ethical dilemma and they need support in this demanding situation that arises during the end of a patient’s life in the home (Karlsson et al. , 2010). The community nurse is a professional to whom the patient and family turn when they have questions or want to discuss plan of care and treatment options at a critical time in the patient’s life when personal assistance is required (Erlen, 2005). Speaking with the family (son and daughter), it is now found that the patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening, so that their father doesn’t â€Å"lay in his own wastes throughout the night†. The patient has now developed an excoriated perineum and it appears that further skin breakdown is imminent. The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. He requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed with what their father requires. The patient is receiving hospice for medication administration for agitation and pain as well. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. The son works day shift and the sister works afternoon shift. They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. This could be a case of negligence, where there is a failure to exercise a standard of care and it can be alleged when a person fails to act when a duty exists. There are five elements required to establish a case of negligence: the existence of a legal duty to exercise reasonable care; a failure to exercise reasonable care; cause in fact of physical harm by the negligent conduct; physical harm in the form of actual damages; and proximate cause, a showing that the harm is within the scope of liability (Cornell University Law School, n. d). Negligence falls under tort law and could be criminal. According to Collins English Dictionary (2009) negligence or mal-practice is defined as any immoral, unethical misconduct or neglect of a health care professional. The patient is receiving care at home from Hospice for pain and agitation medication management, which is not sufficient. There is no absolute method to avoid lawsuits; however, prevention of this case could have occurred prior to discharge with proper education of the family of their options for care regarding their father. Detailed explanation of what care their father may need as the end of life is near, may have steered the family to make alternative arrangements for their father. Hospice will have a duty to educate the family of the possible act of negligence and it will be the duty of the hospice workers to report this act made by the family, by following their policies and procedures, which will be their best defense (Grant & Ballard, 2011). Further discussion has shed light on the possibility of Human Rights being violated, under the Affordable Car Act. This is due to the patient’s insurance declining to pay for needs at home. This law alleviates according to Gable (2011) some of the hardships forced on the public’s health for those with insufficient availability of health insurance or access to health care. The Affordable Care Act bans insurance companies from placing lifetime dollar limits on health benefits, which will prevent individuals suffering from chronic diseases from having to worry about going without treatment because of their lifetime limits and it restricts the use of annual limits and bans them completely in 2014 (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d. ). The ethical principle that will be violated here is the respect for person and the concept of deontology. Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2012), says that deontology is within the moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do and what type of person we should be. Again, proper education to the family, prior to discharge of this patient and by the nurses within the hospice agency could have avoided this occurring. Respect for person involves autonomy, but not all individuals are able to acting autonomously. This requires the ability to set goals and make choices, and this may be compromised at times in a person’s life. Defined by the Belmont Report, respect for persons requires that these vulnerable individuals be offered special protections during periods when they cannot act autonomously. This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). Legal reasoning is evident in two forms, legislative drafting and application of rules to cases and it involves an acceptance and spirit of working within law, which gives it some bias towards maintaining existing rules (Peterson, n. d. ). This does not always mean that law is always just and practical, and judges avoid applying rules that would result in less than desired outcomes. According to Peterson (n. d. ), legal reasoning contains many examples of efforts to changing the legal system and returning to the law making process. Coherence in legal reasoning is where law makes sense as a whole, and is a form of supportive rationality (Bertea, 2009). The coherence part of legal reasoning may be weaker than the logical part. Coherence of a set of legal norms is made by there being a realization of some common value or some common principle (Dickson, 2010). Logic in legal reasoning is the reasoning involved in interpreting constitutions, statutes, regulations, balancing fundamental principles, adopting and modifying legal rules, while applying those rules to cases and evaluating evidence, prior to making decisions (Walker, 2007). Case law is the legal principles embodied in judicial decisions that are derived from applying areas of law to the facts of individual cases. Case law is a dynamic and constantly developing body of law, where each case contains part of the facts of the controversy and an explanation of how the judge arrived at a conclusion (The Free Dictionary by Farlex). Lastly is legal analysis, which requires proving each element of a rule to be true or false and it refers to a statement by a court, judicial officer, or legal expert as to the legality or illegality of an action, condition, or intent (Connelly, n. d. ). The function of ethical reasoning revolved around the fact that much of human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others. People can act toward others in such a way as to increase or decrease the quality of their lives and we are capable of helping or harming. We are empathetic and therefore can recognize when we are doing one or the other. The role of ethical reasoning is to decipher acts that either enhances the well-being of others and those that harm or diminish the well-being of others. Developing one’s ethical reasoning abilities is crucial because there is in human nature a strong tendency toward egotism, prejudice, self-justification, and self-deception which has sociocentric influences (Elder & Paul, 2011). The problem of pseudo-ethics is that one cannot develop as ethical persons if we cannot face the fact that everyone is prone to egotism and prejudice. Flaws in human thinking are the cause of much human suffering and only developing fair-mindedness, honesty, integrity, self-knowledge, and deep concern for the welfare of others can provide foundations for sound ethical reasoning (Paul & Elder, 2009). According to Paul and Elder (2009), ethical reasoning involves doing what is right while avoiding selfish desires and to live an ethical life, is to develop command over our native egocentric tendencies. The elements of ethical reasoning include awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation, while effective ethical reasoning requires sensitivity, problem solving skills, and the motivation and determination to act on decisions (Kenny et al. , 2007). The logic of ethical reasoning involves moral theory derived from meta-ethics and evolutionary ethics. The fundamental problem is that evolutionary ethics is a scientifically based theory while meta-ethics is a philosophically based and logic related to human behavior is cannot convey the complexity of human experience, so moral terminology such as good and moral have evolved from billions of social issues over centuries of time that are related to human behavior (Bromberg, 2011). The advantages and disadvantages of ethical reasoning start with the fact that ethical reasoning assumes that everyone will make choices that will cause no harm. This would mean that an ethical society will prohibit unethical actions, but ethical reasoning excludes actions that are based on spiritual or social customs and does not persecute any specific group for their beliefs. Ethical reasoning is meant to determine actions that are in the best interest of everyone, but the course of action is not always clear-cut. Ethical reasoning is simple, all things are not equal, and determining the true ethical route can be difficult and subjective (Mayers, n. d. ). Summary Some cultures continue to practice rituals that are illegal in other counties. Those things that are ethically acceptable in one culture, many times aren’t with other cultures. Laws are based on rules within cultures. Rules are things that citizens must obey in order to prevent persecution by governing authority. Ethical reasoning is based on what people believe is morally right or wrong, whereas legal reasoning is based rules made within cultures. Many times things that are illegal coincide with things that are believed to be unethical within a culture; however, an illegal act by a health care practitioner is always unethical, but an unethical act is not necessarily illegal. Ethics involves standards of behavior and the concept of right and wrong, over that which is legal in a given situation. Moral values are formed through the influence of the family, culture, and society and form one’s ethical reasoning basis (Judson & Harrison, 2012). I feel any ethical decision model must involve individual employees, as well as their supervisors in order to be effective. Shared decision making, between health care professionals, is vital to arrive at what best meets the employee’s needs. I think an ethical reasoning tool needs to involve the employee and the supervisor so the problem can be addressed. The use of an integrative model can develop confidence and justification in making ethical decisions. Preferences and values come into effect during the process of an integrated ethical decision making model and principles of patient-centeredness and shared-decision making must be integrated (Sestini, 2010). An integrated model of ethical reasoning highlights the integration between ethics and decision making, where ethics is a tool that brings positive aspects of the reasoning process. The model is composed of three major elements: the ethical component; the decision making component; and the contextual component (Grundstein-Amado, 1991). Park (2012), reviewed available structured ethical reasoning and decision-making models and developed an integrated model consisting of six steps: 1. the identification of an ethical problem 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence. The best ethical reasoning should be determined by putting efforts from all health care professionals involved and although it will not guarantee ethically right or good decisions, it will likely improve a process and outcomes of clinical ethical decisions (Park, 2012). Applying this model to the situation of 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain. Applying the chosen model: 1. the identification of an ethical problem: They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions: families concerns: Increased difficulty managing this condition Patient is receiving hospice but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening patient has now developed an excoriated perineum The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed 7. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison: this would involve the family’s input into the situation. Possible another family member could be available for the two hours. There could be a possibility to withdrawal from hospice and pursuing home health care to be used for respite services. 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification: Again this would have to involve the family’s input to see what best meets their needs, as well as their father’s needs. Justification to the family regarding their father being left alone for two hours at a time, as well as withholding fluids and food from him can be done through education. 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions: Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). As a case manager, I need to work with family on awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation. 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence: this would be done post intervention, and then determination could be made of whether the end result was effective. Evaluating the effects of the interventions will allow the health care professional to adapt future encounters with similar situations. Recommendations Further research revealed the U. S. Department of Health & Human Services said federal hospice investigations have increased drastically over the last few years. A Medicare oversight report in 2009, found nearly a third of hospice patients were not getting services of treatment in care plans, nor were they getting visits providers had promised to provide (Bloomberg News, 2011). This would lead to the first recommendation to the family. It can be recommended that they ask the visiting hospice to review the overall care plan with them. The case manager needs to ask for a copy of the care plan, so it can be reviewed with the family. Once the care plan is reviewed, services being received can be reviewed to match what is promised to take place. A second recommendation to the given situation includes involvement of the case manager. The case manager needs to ask the family to discuss options with the patient and consider his preferences as well as special physical, emotional and psychosocial needs. A final recommendation is that the case manager assist the family to evaluate how much support can be provided by other family members and friends. For help determining the best option, they may need to talk with the health care team. Caring for their father, according to research, may have left them no time for self-care; drained them of energy and enthusiasm; and affected interactions with other family and friends (Joad et. al, 2011). References Bertea, S. (2009). The argument from coherence. Available at http://ivr-enc. info/index. php? title=The_Argument_from_Coherence Bloomberg News. (2011). Hospice care grows as do patient negligence concerns. Retrieved from http://www. ltlmagazine. com/news-item/hospice-care-grows-do-patient-negligence-concerns Bromberg, S. E. (2011). The evolution of ethics: An introduction to cybernetic ethics. Retrieved from http://www. evolutionaryethics. com Collins English Dictionary (2009). Negligence. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/malpractice. Connelly, A. (n. d. ). Legal analysis and reasoning from precedent. Retrieved from http://www. law. uky. edu/files/docs/clinic/legal_analysis. pdf Cornell University Law School. (n. d. ). Negligence. Retrieved from http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/negligence Dickson, J. (2010). Interpretation and coherence in legal reasoning. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/spr2010/entries/legal-reas-interpret/>. Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2011). Ethical reasoning essential to education. Retrieved from www. criticalthinking. org Erlen, J. (2005). When patients and families disagree. Orthopedic Nursing, 24(4), 279–282. Fry, S. , Veatch, R. , & Taylor, C. (2011). Case studies in nursing ethics (4th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Learning. Gable, L. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Health, and the Elusive Target of Human Rights. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 39(3), 340-354. doi:10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2011. 00604 Grant, P. D. , & Ballard, D. C. (2011). Law for nurse leaders: A comprehensive reference. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Grundstein-Amado, R. (1991). An integrative model of clinical-ethical decision making. Theoretical Medicine, 12(2), 157-170. Retrieved from http://link. springer. com/article/10. 1007%2FBF00489796 Joad, K, Mayamol, T. C. & Chaturvedi, M. (2011). What does the informal caregiver