Should Animal Testing Be Useful - 1993 Words

Humanity has a lÐ ¾ng histÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f exÃ'€erimentatiÐ ¾n Ð ¾n animals, esÃ'€ecially in the medicÐ °l and Ã' Ã ¾smetic Ã'€rÐ ¾fessions. Many Ã'€eÐ ¾Ã'€le argue that humanity wÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t be where it is tÐ ¾day if it were nÐ ¾t fÐ ¾r its reliance Ð ¾n animal exÃ'€erimentÐ °tiÐ ¾n. It is nigh untÐ ¾ imÃ'€Ð ¾ssible tÐ ¾ deny that animal testing has ever been useful, althÐ ¾ugh the argument Ã' Ã ¾uld certainly be made that such a methÐ ¾d was nÐ ¾t always necessary. HÐ ¾wever, with advancements in medical and scientific technolÐ ¾gy, animal testing is nÐ ¾ lÐ ¾nger a mÐ ¾rally defensible Ã'€ractice. First, animal exÃ'€erimentatiÐ ¾n is an abusive methÐ ¾d. Insufficient regulatiÐ ¾n abÐ ¾ut Ã'€rÐ ¾cedures that can be dÐ ¾ne tÐ ¾ animals allÐ ¾ws fÐ ¾r abusive exÃ'€eriments. Abuse can be defined as excessive cruelty (willfully subjecting Ð ¾thers tÐ ¾ Ã'€ain and suffering) Ð ¾r habitual viÐ ¾lenÃ' e. Abuse is allÐ ¾wed in research beÃ' ause â€Å"the Ð ¾nly U.S. lÐ °w that gÐ ¾verns the use Ð ¾f Ð °nimals in labÐ ¾ratÐ ¾ries—the Animal Welfare Act—allÐ ¾ws animals tÐ ¾ be burned, shÐ ¾cked, Ã'€Ð ¾isÐ ¾ned, isÐ ¾lated, starved, fÐ ¾rcibly restrained, addicted tÐ ¾ drugs, and brain-damaged† (Animal Testing is Bad Science). These methÐ ¾ds are undeniÐ °bly Ð °busive and Ã' ruel, beÃ' ause the suffering is intentiÐ ¾nal. In Ð  ractical Ethics, Peter Singer, an Australian Ã'€hilosoÃ'€her and Ã'€rofessor Ð ¾n the ethics faculties Ð ¾f bÐ ¾th PrincetÐ ¾n University and University Ð ¾f Melbourne, alludes tÐ ¾ British Ã'€hilÐ ¾soÃ'€her Jeremy Bentham whÐ ¾ famÐ ¾usly Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ¾sed that â€Å"‘the questiÐ ¾n is nÐ ¾t, Can they reasÐ ¾n? NÐ ¾r can they talk? But can they suffer?’† (Singer, AnimalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Using Animals in Research and Experimentation623 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals should be used for research and Experimentation because if the animals get sick or show any signs of acting abnormal then the scientists know it isn’t safe for humans to use. Animal research has played a big role in nearly every medical breakthrough over the last decade. Animals have the same organ system that perform the same task, which helps determine if what is being tested is safe for humans to use. Most of the medicines animals use the same medicine as humans like antibiotics, painRead MoreInhumane Treatment of Animals During Drug Testing1082 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s world the act of drug and medical testing on animals has become very common. It has also grown at a great rate over the last few decades â€Å"Dr Laura water, science festival 2012† accompanied with rising questions and arguments which include types of testing methods that are most likely to identify drugs that are unsafe for humans, demerits of drug and medical testing on animals and Lastly whether animal experiments are useful. This essay will discuss the arguments, questions andRead MoreThe Use Of Scientific Research On Animals998 Words   |  4 PagesIn medical research animals are used as ‘models’ for human disease by artificially inducing selected symptoms intended to resemble human illnesses. (vier-pfoten.org) However, a disease is more than simply a collection of symptoms, and so the human disease itself and its underlying biology can never be fully replicated in an animal model. The use of scientific research on animals can be cruel and inhumane to the well-being of animals. All the research and animals they get are very expensive to payRead MoreHuman Testing : The Benefits Of Animal Testing802 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has helped us for years discover cures for sickness in humans and sometimes even animals. But as long as they test the animals humanely, animals can be tortured with pain from the testing. However many efforts are being made to reduce the testing to a minimum. Scientists know that without the tests they wouldn’t know how to check the safety of new drugs. If there was no animal testing scientists would have probably resulted into something very unacceptable, human testing. And scientistsRead MoreWhy Companies Must Reconsider Their Use For Cosmetic Industry911 Words   |  4 Pagesmascara are making. The brand are doing the animinal testing and tons of rabits and dogs are suffering for the products what we buy without any guilty. In the 2007, EU prehibit the aninmal testing for cosmetic industry. They insists that ——-.————. I agree with EU oppinion, animal testing is the ê °â‚¬Ã­Ëœ ¹ íâ€"‰ìÅ"„ to the living —- and morlly woring and it must stop. There are also legal reasons why companies must reconsider their use of animals in toxicity testing. Within Europe, the cosmetics industry can no longerRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some animals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1278 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human species such as animals, in experiments to test the affect of controlled variables on the subjects behaviour or physical appearance. The use of animal testing in science is a controversial issue that has divided the public for many centuries; between immense passion and emotion from those opposing the practice, and those that preach its integral part in the advancement of science. The divide in the topic is between the scientific communityRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Medical Testing?1302 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion of animal rights, one controversial issue has been whether or not animals should be use for medical testing. On the one hand, some scientists argue that animal testing has contributed for many cures and treatments. On the other hand, animal rights activist contends that alternative methods now exist that can replace the need for animals. Others even maintain that animal testing is an essential part in medical research. My own view is that animals should not be used in medical testing becauseRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Inhumane For Diseases, And Development Of Medical Treatments983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is animal testing? Animal testing is when scientist experiment on animals to find cures for diseases, and development of medical treatments. Many animals die because of this. Majority of people don’t know what they go through and how the process is done. Animal testing is inhumane for the following: why it is done, how it is done, and when it is done. To begin with, why is it done? Animal testing is done to protect humans from bad products that may hurt them, also to find ways to cure diseasesRead MoreImagine being confined in a cold cage, trembling, isolated and deprived from the outside world you800 Words   |  4 Pagescoat. Every year in the United States, more than 25 million animals partake in biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic testing, and science education (Neavs). With countless effective, reliable, and beneficial alternatives relating to the human species for which the drug is for, there lies a question of why we continue to forfeit millions of innocent animal lives. Let alone being unwillingly imprisoned and inhumanely treated, animal experimentation costs not only innocent lives but delay of

Shakespeare s Influence On The Renaissance - 1165 Words

The renaissance was both affected by and had affects on the art of its time and later on. Whether this art be in the form of paintings or literature it clearly shows today how the renaissance had taken time to affect everything around it. While some pieces of art from this time period are as simple as a piece of canvas and some color in the form of pigment, they have stood the test of time and held up not only as beautiful images for us to see, but also as devices to give us a window into the minds of those long past. This is exactly the kind of thing done today when looking at artwork such as the â€Å"Mona Lisa† or even more so when reading one of the many pieces of Shakespearian literature, Macbeth specifically. Starting with the aftermath of the renaissance, Shakespeare was one of the most ingenious writers of his time and still is today, being able to write play’s that stand their ground centuries later, think of as many writers with that effect as you can and if you reach ten without Shakespeare I’ll applaud you. Not many artists have art that is known as well as Shakespeare and those that do deserve their spots just as Shakespeare himself. Starting with Macbeth as our only needed example on the literature written The time period that the story takes place in is that of the renaissance time period being based in Scotland. The story revolves around a thane who, by the controlling will of his wife, kills his king to take his place and takes the lives of those who could takeShow MoreRelatedAmbition and Death - the Story of the Renaissance in Macbeth1189 Words   |  5 PagesAmbition and death - the story of the Renaissance in Macbeth In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. Because of his change of character from good to evil, Macbeth s attitude towards other characters, specifically Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macbeth, and the witches, is significantly affected. In a larger sense, the theme of bad versus goodRead MoreDefining The Terms Renaissance And Humanism854 Words   |  4 Pages1. Define the terms Renaissance and humanism. The New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Renaissance† states the Renaissance featured scientific and artistic discoveries and transformations that propelled a cultural shift in Europe after the Middle Ages (2015). The New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Humanism† indicates that Humanism primarily focuses on human being s place, potential, beauty, and so forth (2014). 2. Who were the Medici’s? The Medici family, comprised of former bankers and commerce men, becameRead MoreDefining The Terms Renaissance And Humanism875 Words   |  4 Pages1. Define the terms Renaissance and humanism. As mentioned in the New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Renaissance†, the Renaissance or â€Å"Rebirth† showcased a cultural shift exhibiting both scientific and artistic transformation and advancement between the Middle Ages and the early stages of the Modern age in Europe (2014). In the New World Encyclopedia article â€Å"Humanism†, Humanism’s scope primarily focuses on human beings: human being s place in relations to nature, human potential, human beauty, etcRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Taming of1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthe text was shaped, the Renaissance. The Renaissance period was a time of progression, primarily in the areas of art, science, humanism, religion and self-awareness. The Renaissance focused on taking elements of the past including religion, art and science and adapting them to make them better. Humanists advocated for the freedom of the individuals intellect through acceptance and celebration. This emphasis on â€Å"individualism† however, did not proceed to influence the highly sexist views ofRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature1228 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriage. Actually, marriage and love did not match very well together but then Renaissance literature developed the concepts of love and marriage and recorded the evolution of the relation between them. In the Renaissance p oetry, Donne, in The Good Morrow, celebrate love and sexuality in marriage. However, the aspects of love and marriage were not always linked in life but they became to unify firstRead MoreA Renaissance Man Suffering During A Medieval Society Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesA Renaissance man suffering in a Medieval society During the late middle ages, starting in Italy, a cultural movement known as the Renaissance spread through Europe. The Renaissance was a period of â€Å"rebirth† that developed in the forms of art, literature, and education. To understand the natural world, people of the Renaissance studied the ancient classical works of the Greeks and Romans as explanations of human abilities. The Renaissance was characterized by the renewed interest in humanist philosophyRead More Marriage in the Renaissance and Shakespeares As You Like It1507 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage in the Renaissance and As You Like It      Ã‚   The concept of marriage has been considered to be a sacred and traditional part of life since the beginning of relationships between human beings. The rules of these intimate relationships were set up in accordance with church law. Such rules consisted of the conventional/typical marriage and the ritual of marriage (ceremony). William Shakespeare examines the customs of marriage practice of the Renaissance time period in his work As You LikeRead MoreThe Xvii Century : A Political Point Of View909 Words   |  4 Pages The XVII Century, on a political point of view, was the time where France was pressured under the reign of Richelieu firstly and then under Louis XIV s and saw its great liberties dying one after the other, liberties France had since medieval times. Especially under Louis XIV s reign where he coined the famous sentence The King is me, The State is me. Tired by all the religious, political, literary earthquakes, the people were waiting patiently (not only the p oor part of the population but alsoRead MoreThe Sonnet Is Derived From The Italian Word1662 Words   |  7 Pagessong†. The history of the sonnet can be traced back to Italian origin where it influenced the rest of the world becoming a widely used strict poetic form for famous sonneteers. The sonnet sprung around the 13th century, according to the Folger Shakespeare Library it became significant in Italy when Francesco Petrarch first used it. This essay will discuss the Petrarchan sonnet, Spenserian sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. We like to think of the sonnet as a typical English form but the sonnetRead MoreHow The Renaissance Changed Man s View Of Man952 Words   |  4 PagesHow the renaissance changed man’s view of Man The renaissance changed Man’s view of the world and his place in it permanently. To know how it did just read this article it will talk about how artwork changed how the church lost its followers and much more.article. During the RenaissanceRenaissance, people of all cultural groups started to use their unique skills as a way of understanding innovative forms of politics, social reforms, and thinking. This new attitude started to form a

A Necessity of Business Model for Gross Profit- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theA Necessity of Business Model for Gross Profit. Answer: A business model is the model which helps to enhance the profit of the organization by enhancing the productivity of the operations department. It has two components cost and price. The first step of profitability is gross profit. The main focus of gross profit is on costs only not on expenses. The main aim of business model is to force the company to do only business instead of managing efficiency. The businesses that consider business model in its business attract many customers towards business because business model is the proof that no large scale of guidance is needed. Business model is likely to be innovation. The main purpose of business model is to produce the profit within the organization (George Bock, 2011). With the efficient use of business model, business can overtake and become able to replace the established company. There is need to find the innovative business model for established business so that they would become able to grow their position in the competitive e nvironment. There are nine blocks will be demonstrated regarding business model. It will describe the way that how business can utilize this 9 models without observing the elements of complication such as strict rules, hierarchy, over workflow and system. It will describe according the real experience and research on substantial literature, 9 models of business model will be describing below: Value proposition Segments of the clients referred by value proposition Communication and distribution channels Relationship with clients Key sources for business model Key activities for business model Key partners for business model Revenue streams Structure of cost Figure 1: Business model Source: (Osterwalder, n.d). The classification of business model and archetypes elaborates various types of business model completely or partially. It is a research which main focus on effective understanding of the concept of model because of its nature of practical approach. The archetypes can be applied for the purpose of fomation, design and management of business model (Zott, Amit Massa, 2011). The description of archetypical of a business model should at least define the customers, value proposition, economics dimension, organizational architectures, value creation and innovation process to provide a comprehensive understanding of how business can create a systematic way to create a customer value (Wirtz, 2011). Figure 2: business model archetypes Source: (Bohm, 2015). There are seven archetypes which are abstractions that demonstrate the basic behavior of business relation to each other. Since they are abstractions, it might not be evident of applying them. Each archetype has been attributed by two prototypes to describe their applicability. A prototype is an indication of the archetype that show an actual business model which is likely observed in real life. For instance, it can be seen that e-commerce and lead generation are the example of prototype of trade archetype (Lambert Davidson, 2013). Both kinds of companies are able to bring together buyer and sellers, and make money by providing efficient services to the customer. In the referring to the notion of an electronic business archetype, business model as an activity system and cost revenue architecture involved depth description of business model archetypes indicates interesting business models of well developed organization (Chubb, Reilly, Brown, 2011). For instance, internet has been ri sen in all over the world, the attention regarding e-business model has been increased, which later on become refined to pure play models (Itami Nishino, 2010). The classifications of business model and archetype are considered as most important for the conceptualization of business models because they are more empirical in comparison of any frame work. It has been analyze that there can be two major issues in an organization such as static and dynamic issues. Static issues are considered as long term on the other hand the natures of dynamic issues are forceful (Fielt, 2013). The business model is dependent upon the nature of business. Business blocks of business model will be helpful to fix the issues of static and dynamic appropriately. Business model will facilitate to recognize the process as per innovation. It is able to find out the issue in the organization and provide better solution to rectify those issues sooner. There are various aspects which may bring amendments in the business model. They can be over served customers, commoditization, less productivity in the field of innovation and less opportunities for developing business fr om external area (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). Business system is made up of learning system and delivery system. On the basis of their conceptualization, profit model is considered as the assumptions of decision maker that organization will gain definite profit in certain period. The system of business focuses on the demand of the target customers and delivers appropriate services quality and products to customers. Business model in the form of system consist profit model and business model as well. The company of Google is worth example for it. Google has profit model and the characteristics of it is that the service user of this organization are not liable to pay the single penny to the service provider. The main focus of Googles profit model is to provide the services of free charge to their users who utilize the services of Google. Apart from that the business system of Google is elegant. Due to providing effective services not only to their customers but also to their staff, employees do not want to switch. It is the more e ffective point of Googles business model that it makes updated its employee regarding amendments and does quick response on query. The values of Googles profit model are visible. It is necessary that the business model should be attractive so that outsider can observe it immediately, Googles have attractive model. It has twin roles of business system first one is pretending to job for perceiving the strategic differentiate intend of firm. Secondly, it takes immediate action for learning for the growth of business further. A business context is specialized vocabulary which is employed. It can include individual organization, a huge community of business or a single handed project. The business context are customer, terms, location, market type, relative IT content of products and relative business dependence on IT. These all elements of business context are inevitable. There are emerging IT and traditional IT and within each environment, the range of the scope of the view can differ broadly since each environment might deploy a mixing of huge and small changes (Sanchez Ricart, 2010). In emerging environments, changes can be done due to introduction of new technology and up gradation of services which enhance the features functionally which is having the nature of inevitable. In traditional environments, amendments can be done like an up-gradation of operating system or enterprise resourcing planning change for the implementing of localized the applications of line of business. It has been concluded that innovation and sustainable business is important for the business. A model of the business demonstrates the logic value of an organization in order to create and capture the customer values. Business model is considered as the key element which is providing services towards improving the condition of an organization. In this report business architect model has been discussed. It has been found out that business model mention the logic of value of an organization and it represents concisely by an interconnected set of elements that indicates the proposition of value, innovation process, value creation, organizational architecture and business context. However, there is more perspective of strategic which is necessary to understand the value capture and the value of business. Moreover, meanwhile the focus of business model is on the organization, in that focus the network of the business should be involved. References Bohm, J. (2015). Business Model Archetypes for Utilities-A Resource and Stakeholder Perspective (Doctoral dissertation). Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 354- 363. Chubb, C., Reilly, P. Brown, D. (2011). Retrieved on 19th April 2017 from: https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp90.pdf. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not. Long range planning, 47(6), 379-389. Demil, B., Lecocq, X. (2010). Business Model Evolution: In Search of Dynamic Consistency. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 227-246. Fielt, E. (2013). Conceptualising business models: Definitions, frameworks and classifications. Journal of Business Models, 1(1), 85. George, G., Bock, A. J. (2011). The Business Model in Practice and its Implications for Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 83-111. Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Killing two birds with one stone: profit for now and learning for the future. Long Range Planning, 43(2), 364-369. Lambert, S. C., Davidson, R. A. (2013). Applications of the business model in studies of enterprise success, innovation and classification: An analysis of empirical research from 1996 to 2010. European Management Journal, 31(6), 668-681. Sanchez, P. Ricart, J. E. (2010). Business model Innovation and sources of value creation in low-income markets. European Management Review (2010) 7, 138-154. Wirtz, B. W. (2011). Business model management. DesignInstrumenteErfolgsfaktoren von Geschftsmodellen, 2. Zott, C. Amit, R. Massa, L. (2011). The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research. Journal of Management.

The Fitchburg Art Museum Is Currently Celebrating Its 75th Anniversary

The Fitchburg Art Museum is currently celebrating its 75th anniversary. For the first time in this museum's history, there is a gallery reflecting it's founder's passions. The art that is now on exhibit is that of Eleanor Norcross. These pieces are from Norcross's own collection and long term loans from museums and private collections. This is one of the exhibits that launches a look at pioneering American artists of the 19th century. Norcross's exhibit is titled, " Norcross: Character is Everything." Other permanent exhibits at the Fitchburg Art Museum are that of; Egyptian art and artifacts, European and American paintings and graphics, decorative art, and contemporary American and regional artists. The selections of paintings shown at the Fitchburg exhibit are only a small portion of her entire collection. After her father died in 1898, she had always wished of establishing an art museum in Fitchburg. She began exhibiting her work in the spring of 1886, when she showed a portrait of her father in the National Academy of design in New York, as well as in a Paris salon. She continued to show fairly regularly after that. She displayed her work mostly in French exhibitions. Until 1905 she painted mainly portraits and views of the interior of her studio. While she was living in Washington, she began attending classes at the Art Student League in New York, in either the fall of 1878 or spring of 1879. She spent the winters with her father in Washington and her summers in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. She continued living like this for five years, as she was traveling frequently between Washington, Fitchburg, and New York. In June of 1883, Norcross made the decision to reside in Paris. In the late fall of 1883, she entered the Paris studio of Alfred Stevens. Stevens was a prominent Belgian-born painter who taught a class for women. She remained a student of Alfred Stevens for two years. As a student of Stevens, she studies with two women with whom she developed lasting friendships with, Geraldine Reed and Barrone Alix d' Anethan. During her early years in Paris, Norcross kept a journal in which she wrote about Steven's classroom comments and discussions, as well as her impressions. In this journal, she wrote, "character is everything," the words that title her exhibit in Fitchburg. The journal also shows that Norcross visited Holland, England, Germany, Belgium, and Italy. Some of the time she was accompanied by her father, who joined her in June of 1884. Looking at Norcross's painting, "Two Children," in the Fitchburg Art Museum, its style jumps out at the audience. It appears as though it is a cross between both realism and romanticism. The incredible detail in the figures, along with the precision or color and shading, are what suggests its realistic qualities. During the late 19th century realism was very popular with American artists, such as Thomas Eakins and Winslow Homer. At the same time, there was also a strong influence of the new style of romanticism in America. It is evident in Norcross's painting, "Two Children," she was influenced by romanticism as well. Although her figures are detailed, the lines are blurred and not as well defined as most realistic paintings. Her use of color helps to blend the lines for a smooth transition of one shape to another, rather than sharp edges. Eleanor Norcross used oil on canvas to create most of her artwork. Her painting, "Two Children," uses oil on canvas as well. The painting depicts two children, one of which appears to be older than the other, maybe by one or two years. The older child is a little girl dressed in a light pink dress with a matching hat. The younger child appears to be a little boy, about the age of a toddler. This child is dressed in a light blue outfit. Both children appear to be dressed well, suggesting that maybe they come from a proper or well to do background. There is both open and closed forms in this painting. The little girl is that of a closed form. Her arms are slightly held outward, but her hands are almost together, closing off the form. The little boy is an open form. His hands are slightly

What life is essays

What life is essays This story still reminds me of something even though I read it a week ago. When I was reading this story, I felt so sad because ten years after the main characters life after she lost the necklace, was really wild and rough. This story made me think about life. We do not know what will happen to us tomorrow or in the future. Many people desire to live very well, or in other words, very rich. Mathilde was lower class. She had no clothes, no jewelry and no house. The beginning of this story explained why her life was so hard because of poverty. If she had been rich, her life would not have changed for the worse so easily. After she lost the necklace, which she borrowed from her friend, what little hope she had was gone. A line in the story said, at the end of a week they had lost all the hope (Maupassant 6). I think a hopeless life is a dead life. If someone could have switched places with her, he or she might have died because he or she could not live without hope in the future. However, she was smart; she and her husband decided to replace the necklace. When they found a necklace exactly like the one they looked for, they could replace it. However, they borrowed a lot of money and their lives became too hard. Mathilde and her husband had too many jobs, which made their lives meaningless. T hey had no rest for ten years. After ten years passed, she had a bitter smile while she thought about her past. Mme Loisel looked old now.... But sometimes, when her husband was at the office, she sat down near the window, and she thought of that gay evening of long age, of that ball where she had been so beautiful and so feted. (Maupassant 7) I could imagine what this scene looked like. She must have looked older than others her age. She would have missed her beautiful skin, graceful body, charming hair and so on. This passage made me imagine about how strange ones life ca ...

Quotations From Enders Game by Orson Scott Card

Quotations From 'Ender's Game' by Orson Scott Card Enders Game is a science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card, who was inspired by Isaac Asimovs Foundation series. Enders Game centers on Andrew Ender Wiggin, a young boy who is being trained to become a leader in the war against an alien race. The story first appeared as a novella, which Card expanded into a series of books. The book has become suggested reading for those thinking of entering the military. Here are a few quotes from the novel. Chapter 1 And there are doubts about him. Hes too malleable. Too willing to submerge himself in someone elses will. It was not his fault he was a Third. It was the governments idea, they were the ones who authorized it - how else could a Third like Ender have got into school? I could kill you like this, Peter whispered. Just press and press until youre dead. Chapter 2 And do you know why you dont mean it? Valentine asked. Because you want to be in the government someday. you want to be elected. And they wont elect you if your opponents can dig up the fact that your brother and sister died in suspicious accidents... Youre his monitor now, said Peter. You better watch him day and night. Chapter 3 Knocking him down won the first fight. I wanted to win all the next ones, too. So theyd leave me alone. It was what I was born for, isnt it? If I dont go, why am I alive? Chapter 4 With Ender, we have to strike a delicate balance. Isolate him enough that he remains creativeotherwise, hell adopt the systems here and well lose him. At the same time, we need to make sure he keeps a strong ability to lead. Were going to make him the best military commander in history. And then put the fate of the world on his shoulders. Chapter 5 Make friends. Be a leader. Kiss butts if you have to, but if the other guys despise you-you know what I mean? Enders isolation was over. Chapter 6 Im a murderer, even when I play. Peter would be proud of me. Chapter 7 Whatever it meant to Alai, Ender knew that it was sacred; that he had uncovered himself for Ender. It set her apart, made her different, split the army. Its Wiggin. You know, that smart-ass Launchie from the game room. the adults are the enemies, not the other armies. They do not tell us the truth. Enders anger was cold, and he could use it. Bonzos was hot, so it used him. If you want, Ill pretend you won this argument. Then tomorrow you can tell me you changed your mind. Chapter 8 Listen, Ender, commanders have just as much authority as you let them have. The more you obey, the more power they have over you. Its the teachers, theyre the enemy. They get us to fight each other, to hate each other. This game knows too much about me. This game tells filthy lies. I am not Peter. I dont have murder in my heart. Chapter 9 Well, Im the bloody bastard you wanted when you had me spawned. What do you tell him, I need citizens access so I can take over the world? She was one of them now. Chapter 10 It was a strategy. Graff had deliberately set him up to be separate from the other boys, made it impossible for him to be close to them. And with that anger, he decided he was strong enough to defeat them- the teachers, his enemies. Chapter 11 You want to make me the best soldier possible. Go down and look at the standings. Look at the all-time standings. So far youre doing an excellent job with me. Congratulations. Now when are you going to put me up against a good army? The teachers got me into this-they can keep me safe. Chapter 12 Ender Wiggin must believe that no matter what happens, no adult will ever, ever step in to help him in any way. Dont be alone. Ever. -Dink. I cant help that Im bigger than you. Youre such a genius, you figure out how to handle me. Chapter 13 it only works because whats between you, thats real, that matters. We are the Third Invasion. Chapter 14 From now on the enemy is more clever than you. From now on the enemy is stronger than you. From now on you are always about to lose. You will learn to defeat the enemy. Strange dreams are a safety valve, Ender. Im putting you under a little pressure for the first time in your life. Chapter 15 And always Ender carried with him a dry white cocoon, looking for a place where the hive-queen could awaken and thrive in peace. He looked a long time. Source Seiler, Edward. Isaac Asimov Home Page. Asimov Online.

Design a scientific study to investigate the effects in any of green Research Paper

Design a scientific study to investigate the effects in any of green M&Ms (libido) on men - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is important to regard how this cultural myth might actually affect males in terms of their self report on libido and green M&Ms. A trend sampling analysis will be used as a sampling design. The sample will be chosen regarding one determination, that the respondent be involved in, having knowledge about what M&Ms are currently, but not have been involved in, receiving money or employed by M&Ms or its parent company, or in the past five years. The sample size will be small, consisting of less than one hundred individuals contacted for participation. The population the research wants to draw conclusions about is a sample group consisting of males only. Since self report is being used, ethical problems seem to be limited. However, self-report surveys often bring inherent limitations to a survey methodology, because the information obtained tends to be superficial and encourages non-contradictory responses, when actual issues may be more complicated and contradictory. There is also the danger that those surveyed will not respond appropriately to the presented issues because they are not instantaneous in terms of r esponse time. The collusion of independent variables also represents a sensitive subject for many, and of course there is no way to match words and actions in definitive terms provided in the current report. Those studied do represent larger populations, because this research will use qualitative sampling. The degree of randomization in sampling will have to be restricted somewhat due to geographical and cost constraints. The selected group for sampling is that of those males familiar with M&Ms who can reasonably be assumed to have some cognition of the issues presented in this report, due to their proximity to and involvement in the American cultural and advertising systems. There are no specific criteria for selecting participants other than proximity, gender and knowledge of M&Ms, so to that extent,

Experiment on the bacterium Escherichia coli Coursework

Experiment on the bacterium Escherichia coli - Coursework Example Escherichia coli (E.coli) are gram negative, non-spore forming strains of bacterium that usually inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are facultative anaerobes that ferment simple sugars like glucose into lactic, acetic and formic acids (HITM, 2006). Most E coli strains are harmless and even are beneficial in the sense that they assist the host by destroying other harmful strains of bacterium and by synthesising sizeable amounts of vitamins (HITM, 2006). Nevertheless, there are certain strains of E coli that prove harmful to humans and other hosts. These are categorised into four major groups - enteropathogenic E coli, enetroinvasive E coli and enterohemorrhagic E coli (HITM, 2006). These four harmful categories earn the E coli strain significant ill-repute as one of the most significant foodborne pathogens. In recent years great attention is being placed on successfully combating their pathogenic influence on humans. An estimate of this harmfu l influence can be derived from the fact that approximately 73,000 cases of human illnesses, inclusive of 63 deaths per year, in the United States were caused by the bacterium O157:H7 (Mead et al., 1999), a viciously enterohemorrhagic E coli strain. It is notable that this is one of the many harmful strains that are pathologically sensitive to humans. All organisms require a benign environment to exist and propagate themselves. Thus, they seek out such environments where they have sufficient food for sourcing their energy needs for the metabolic and biosynthetic tasks. There are several factors that influence the benign environment in which E coli strains, including and especially the harmful ones, can successfully thrive. Since humans are plagued by these harmful strains it is logical that they continuously seek out ways and means by which they can alter these favourable environmental conditions and disallow these bacteria to survive and propagate. This research study is one such wherein two environmental conditions - temperature and Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory in culture media that are designed to provide all the essential nutrients in solution for bacterial growth. In this investigation the media types Luria Bertani (LB) broths and Nutrient broths will be utilised to investigate thermal conditions under which two strains of E coli - (a common experimental strain) and CU1 - thrive. The two E.coli strains will be grown in

Romeo and Juliet Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Tragedy Essay Romeo and Juliet is a romantic tragedy play by Willam Shakespeare. The play is about two young adults who are in love. They are both victims of a bitter feud between their well-respected families. I have looked up Romeo in the dictionary to give me an insight as to what the play was about and as soon as I read the meaning of Romeo I knew it was a love play: A hero- hence a man who is an ardent lover The play is set in the city of Verona. Romeo and Juliet (the main characters of the play) are part of the Montague family (Romeo) and part of the capulets family (Juliet). The play begins with a street fight between the servants of both families. The price brings the fight to an abrupt end. Juliet is meant to be getting married to Count Paris, chosen by her father. However Romeo and Juliet, who meet at a ball, soon fall in love and get married in secret. Juliet fakes her own death with a drug friar Lawrence issued her and is found in bed dead on her wedding day in which she is too marry Count Paris. She is buried in a tomb, which is where Romeo finds her. Romeo has not yet received a note saying that Juliet is not dead and kills him with poison. Juliet wakes up after the drug has worn off and Romeo dead and she kill herself (for real) with Romeos dagger. The two grieving families end the feud between them at the end of the play. Only do they end the feud when death is struck upon them. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy because Romeos and Juliets love was singled to end in death and is the only thing that ends the feud between the families: The fearful passage of their death-marked love I understand that dramatic tension is when someone is creating a scene being big and powerful, having something struck upon you suddenly. This relates to the play because the play is powerful and it captures the audiences attention. It has a lot of cliffhangers for example; where Romeo kills Tybalt in act 3 scenes 1 we think what will happen next? Will Romeo die? What will Juliet do if her love is brutally murdered by her own family? All of these create dramatic tension. By the use of characters, events, lanuage the essay aims to explain my views on Romeo and Juliet and to tell and explain to people the play of Romeo and Juliet so that they understand what is happening and what it is all about. It will also increase my knowledge of the play so I can understand it and put myself in their shoes hopefully capturing what they must have felt and been like. From reading the prologue I understand that both of the capulets and Montagues is as equal as one another, they both have the same amount of wealth and respect: Two households both alike in dignity I know that Romeo and Juliet are madly in love and are destined for one another: A pair of star crossed lovers takes their lives A pair of star-crossed lovers could mean that Romeo and Juliets love is doomed by the influence of the stars and that they are madly in love. However the stars are crossed and this shows us that there is a shadow in the way and that something will go wrong. Also from the prologue the audience is told of the ending of the play, they are told that the lovers are fated, they are star-crossed, their love will end in death, and that the lovers death, and the lovers death is the only thing that will end the long feud between the families. But their childrens end, nought could remove In act 3 scenes 1, Mercutio, who is Romeos best fiend, picks a fight with tybalt who wants to fight Romeo. Instead Romeo trys to prevent the fight between Mercutio and tybalt. Romeo then kills tybalt and flees the scene of the murder. Before Romeo appears on the scene he has come from his secret wedding to Juliet. Friar Lawrence has married them, so only the friar, Romeo and Juliet know about the marriage and the Montagues and capulets are bonded. They are bonded through the two lovers marriage, unknown to lady Capulet she is now Romeos mother in law. I think that this scene has more dramatic tension because in this scene we are really on edge as to what will happen to Romeo now that he has murdered tybalt. Also we are anxious to know what will happen to Mercutio now that he has been wounded and we wonder whether he will live or die. Mercutio is brave in this scene and when he is injured by tybalt he puts a brave face on and pretends his injuries are not serious and people believe him because he is known as the fool, however after a while Romeo realises he is lying and that he is dieing. This also causes tension because when Mercutio is first injured we (the audience) believe that he is not really hurt, so we wonder what will happen? Will he be ok? Will his injuries cause his death? The action in this scene is crucial because it keeps us on edge and makes sure that we continue watching the play to see what happens, the action builds up the tension for the final scene when both Romeo and Juliet take their own lives. The action shows that whatever happens Romeo is still a good guy because although he has killed tybalt he has done it in good faith for Mercutio. The characters involved in act 3 scene 1 are Benvolio, Mercutio, tybalt, Romeo, Petrucio, a citizen, the prince and lady Capulet, lady Montague. My thoughts/ impressions of the families from this scene are: The capulets are an evil family who only care about them selves. However there is some caring members of the family (Juliet), as she does not hold any grudges against the opposite familys think the family is uncaring because when tybalt kills Mercutio although he did not mean it he does not show any signs of sorrow for what he has done. I think that the Montagues are a caring family because as soon as Romeo enters he talks about love, this shows he has loving feelings for someone, also Romeos best friend Benvolio is a peacemaker and does not like fighting: Out of her favour where iam in love Romeo does not want to fight, he does not want to harm anyone or cause trouble or fight with a member of the family and he only kills tybalt because he has murdered his best friend, and this shows that Romeo values friendship: I thought all for the best Mercutio pretends or trys to tell everyone that he is not in pain and this makes us wonder whether he is lying or whether he is telling the truth. However Romeo sees through him and we realise how much Mercutio and Romeo are hurting and we wonder what will happen next. Romeo is hesitant to get involved because he is Tybalts cousin, because he is a member of the family. This shows that he cares not just about himself and his reputation but that he cares about his family as well. At the end of the scene lady Montague feels that Romeo must not live and hat he deserves to die a tybalt has. I think that this has come about because Romeo has killed tybalt therefore he is a murder, and in time when the first play was wrote, death was a penalty for murder. I also think that the capulets do not want to accept that a member of their family was in the wrong. The characters change in act 3 scene 1 because Benvolio turns into a troublemaker; Romeo shows the audience his bad side and turns really angry and upset resulting in the murder of tybalt. In act 3 scenes 1 lady Capulet takes up the violence of the fed and demands that Romeos punishment is death. She does not change throughout the play and remains a hard, unfeeling, unsympathic woman who pushes her daughter away and is party responsible for her death. In act 3 the prince is personal because Mercutio is a kings man has been killed, the prince fulfils his words from act 1. Instead of killing Romeo the prince banishes him from the country as a result of causing death of tybalt: Else, when hes found, that hour is his last The play ends in tragedy. The death of two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Romeo arrives at the tomb where Juliet has been buried, meets Paris and kills him. Believing Juliet is dead, Romeo takes the potion and dies. Juliet awakens, sees that Romeo is dead and commits suicide. As a result of this the capulets and Montagues promise never to feud again: Poor scarifies of our enmity I have learnt hat dramatic tension is as I thought it to be; it is something that is big, powerful but also keeps the viewers on edge because we wonder constantly what will happen next. In this play there are lot of themes. The themes involved are: Disorder this is a theme because there is fighting, anger, passion and false love (between Juliet and Paris) disorder means: A lack of order or confusion There is light and darkness because there is death, violence, sadness and secrets. Lightness is represented by the love between Romeo and Juliet. Darkness id represented because Romeo is sad and depressed and the sadness at the end of the play of the lovers death. Light is represented by love, life and hope. Darkness means: Gloomy, dismal, sullen, threating, obscure, mysterious, evil, in secret Light means: A way of looking at or considering a matter; aspect There is also love and passion because Romeo is in love with Juliet and passion because lady Capulet is only in her marriage because it makes her wealthy and noticeable. Romeo also shows passion regarding his feeling for Mercutio when he kills tybalt in revenge. Love means: Deep affection and warm feeling for one another Passion means: Strong desire or lust Overall I think that the play is very dramatic. The other themes as well are lies, deceit, truth, love and hate.

First Kiss :: essays research papers

My First Kiss I was five. He was six. When we first found out we had to hold hands during the second scene of the Christmas Pageant we both had the same response, â€Å"EW Gross!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Josh and I had known each other basically all of our lives. Our grandparents were friends, our parents were friends and even our siblings were friends. It was as if we were destine to be friends too because of family genes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every Sunday afternoon, after church, me, my parents, my grandparents and my brother along with Josh’s parents, grandparents, and brother, would all go to Josh’s house. It was a ritual that started back as early as I can remember and still is carried out today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The parents would chat over coffee, our older siblings would ride their bikes and Josh and I would play in the sandbox. â€Å"Let’s play house.† I would always say. To which Josh responded, â€Å"No way. House is for girls. Let’s play ninjas. HIYA!† So we made a compromise. I was the mommy, the cat was the baby and Josh was the â€Å"ninja† daddy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you’re five years old you don’t really think of boys as boys or girls as girls. Other kids are just your friends, whether they wear a pink dress or blue slacks. Never before did I really think of Josh as a boy till I was forced to hold his hand in the pageant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both of us whined and complained and if my memory severs my correctly, Josh threw an out right tantrum about the whole scene. Yet still we were forced to stand there hand in hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was performance night and our parents came back stage for a pep talk. My mom fixed my frilled dress and Josh’s mom straightened his hair and both of our mothers basically told us to go out there and smile whether we liked it or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time for our big scene came. We waited in the wings for our cue and finally we were pushed out on stage.

Psychosocial Impact of Television on Children Essay

Television was once considered a luxury item, however, today is just a commodity. Even low income households have one television set, not only for entertainment but to keep in touch with the happenings around the world. Television, like any other technological advancement, bought with it negatives and positives to the society. It was once only used as a medium of news and light entertainment, mostly by the elders of a household. Now though it has expanded its purpose and is now commonly used for various purposes by all age groups. As mentioned in earlier conclusions, television itself is not a harmful device; previous studies have shown that its own effects are neither positive nor negative. However, it is the programmes that are aired that effect the society; especially on the physical and psychological well-being of the younger generations. Research papers, different forms of studies and articles have found the effects of television both, harmful and useful, on the development of a child. Even the primary research done through qualitative method of interviewing proved that television has no connection between the style and attention of parents. Instead the parents remained intact with the activities of their children regardless of their television watching habits. This discussion highlights various positives and negatives of television usage by the children. Krosnick, Anand and Hartl (2003) have identified three psychosocial â€Å"predictors† of viewing television. The first one they say is the â€Å"need satisfaction,† which occurs due to lack in the ability to socially interacting with peers, over intelligence, and to avoid parental punishment. â€Å"Parental influence† was nominated as the second one where absence of parental guidance and rules lead to increase in watching television. The last one was â€Å"resource availability† where it was found that it has no link with the overall income of the household. Gupta, Saini, Acharya and Miglani (1994) have identified almost all positives and negatives within two paragraphs of their research paper. They define the most positive effects of television watching as an aid to the development of â€Å"cognitive† ability, a source of â€Å"information†, â€Å"knowledge† and â€Å"skill† development. They mention that it also generates the desire of â€Å"learning† and ‘imparts general awareness. † It can also have a positive effect on the â€Å"attitudes and behavior† of the child while advancing â€Å"conceptual and concrete thinking. † They then highlight the negatives as the excuse to let go of â€Å"reading, playing, exercising, and studying†; thus giving rise to a â€Å"passive† behavior. When children continue watching television their â€Å"social interaction† may decline and their eating habits can also be harmed. A pre-TV introduction (age 3-4) and post-TV introduction (age 7-8) study was conducted by Gunter, Charlton, Coles and Panting (2000). Their study results show that the effects (positives and negatives) are usually according to the gender of the child. A more â€Å"antisocial behavior† was witnessed in the boys after the introduction of the TV; whereas the girls’ social behavior was unaffected. Both of the genders however did not display any â€Å"inter-gender difference. † The researchers saw that â€Å"cartoon viewing† was highly linked to â€Å"pre-TV antisocial behavior† and â€Å"post-TV neuroticism levels. † This did not change even when the viewing of â€Å"violent acts† was â€Å"controlled†; thus proving that the presence of any â€Å"nonviolent ingredient† had an effect on the â€Å"unruly children. † Watching cartoons was also related to decrease in the level of anxiety among children. The minds, values, thinking styles, and even social behavior are continuously developing at early age. Due to this it can be greatly affected by the elements present in the life of the child. They are â€Å"vulnerable† to the information â€Å"conveyed through television†, and it may cause a long-term effect. As their views and perceptions are not developed yet they cannot distinguish between the reality and the made-up stuff (Team headed by Baron, 2001). The paper also mentions that almost â€Å"two-third† of the programmes that are aired contain violent acts of some sort, out of which most â€Å"shows† are for children. It would have been a learning experience if the bad guys are punished severely, but at times they are set free without punishment and â€Å"violence† is shown as part of a â€Å"glamorized† world. According to APA (2004) by viewing violent behavior repeatedly children can become immune towards the â€Å"pain and suffering of others,† at the same time they can also become â€Å"fearful of the world around them. † This proves that it is not necessary that the depiction of the violent acts can cause harm in more than one ways. Children can also become stressed, depressed, or pessimistic due to the negativity being imposed. They might start judging people and world as a bad place which has nothing to offer but pain and misery to the innocent people. Hussain (2007) says that the â€Å"exposure to violence† and the glory of bad guy makes children start to portray aggressive and violent behavior assuming that it is socially accepted and â€Å"normal. † Viewing of television has also been known to cause â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD),† which is described as â€Å"inattentiveness, lack of impulse control, and hyperactivity. † ADHD has been known to cause problems in learning and educational field. Television watching can also have a negative impact on the health of a child (Team headed by Baron, 2001). It can lead to a belief that looking like actors and models is beauty; thus taking away the innocence of a child. This has really negative effects on females who start developing â€Å"body concept and self-image† and start â€Å"dieting† at a very early age. Another social disadvantage is the division that this body image will cause amongst the children. At a very early age they will start distinguishing their peers as fat, skinny, chubby, beautiful and ugly and this trait will strengthen as they grow older. Another problem related to health and social issues is that of sexuality as mentioned by CPS (2003). Children hear the word sex on television for the first time rather than from their health care provider or parents. It has taken the role of the sex educator. Movies, shows, and even kids cartoon characters are shown as involved in sexual acts. Children are led to believe that it is â€Å"normal and risk-free,† and â€Å"everybody does it. † This has lead to increasing number of sexually active individuals than ever. Strasburger (1995) has selected the sexuality related data in a table which shows the influence of television on the sexual acts at early age.

Bullying Essay

Bullying is the use of force, or threat, to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively impose domination over others. Justifications and rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of class, race, religion, gender, sexuality, appearance, behavior, or ability. (Wiki2013) This abuse like many others may not be known to us personally, but that doesn’t mean that we should ignore it. Sometimes given the fact that we are unaware of this abuse we don’t know how serious of a problem it can be. According to the organization against bullying; in recent years, a series of bullying- related suicides in the US, and around the world have drawn attention to the connection between bullying and suicide. Though many adults still see bullying as â€Å"just a part of being a kid†; it is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects for victims, including  suicide. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes hitting, pinching, spitting, pushing, pulling, tripping, slapping and taking or breaking someone’s possessions. (Stop bullying.gov 2013) This physical aggression can occur almost anywhere; it can be at work, school, or even at home. For instance, children at school tend to hit their classmates when trying to get their attention. They normally don’t even call the individual by their name; they just hit, slap, or even kick the person to get his or her attention. This behavior is normally repeated with the same person on different occasions. Also, another thing that people do is find the weakest and least amiable person in their school. They gang up on him throw things at him, push him around and as though that wasn’t enough, they push their victims head into the toilet in the rest room. In addition, people at work also exert physical bullying. At times, at work there is a certain person that is the target of unoccupied individuals that are just seeking to humiliate others. This is carried about by actions such as, pulling away their colleagues chair when they are about to sit down. This is repeatedly done to make a mockery of that person. Bullies that perform these actions may not think about the harm being done, but many times the victims have scars from the physical abuse. Furthermore, Emotional bullying is another way of abusing people. Emotional bullying is the use of offensive/ obscene language used by bullies to degrade and demean their victims. (bullying.org) Persons are sometimes targeted because of the way they dress, walk, and talk or even because of their race or religion. Rude remarks are made ab out these persons by their bullies so often, that the victims tend to have low self -esteem and can even be depressed. For instance, I once saw a young lady in junior college that was pestered because she dressed in long skirts and dresses; that didn’t do any kind of drug and was always in mass. This person was mocked, insulted and called names because of her physical appearance and religious preference. In the same way persons who are homosexuals, are often made fun of. These persons are humiliated in every manner possible by bullies, also known in this case as homophobes. Furthermore, constantly spreading rumors about someone is also considered verbal abuse, because the victim is embarrassed by many persons over and  over. These persons that are constantly molested at times also have suicidal thoughts. Therefore, we should all think very well before we insult, or â€Å"innocently† label people with offensive nicknames. Likewise, cyber bullying is just as serious as emotional/ verbal, and physical bullying. According to the organization against bullying, Cyber bullying is when a child, teen, adult, etc, is harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened, or tormented using digital technology. This type of bullying like others is done to publicly embarrass a person. For example, a teenager who took a naked picture of herself for her boyfriend; the picture ended up being uploaded to the internet by her partner. All those who got to see this photo instantly commented making rude remarks and observations about the young lady. Her picture was shared with many other persons just to keep making fun of her unintelligent choice. Moreover, Cyber bullying can also be made through cell phones, via text message , or a call. Some hackers also tend to bully naà ¯ve people. They send text messages telling people you have won a prize, and to redeem the prize you must follow a set of instructions. This is done repeatedly too many persons by the same bully. No prize is ever obtained and in some cases the victims, end up losing money. Hence, we should all be careful about what we post on line or what things are sent via text message, because bullies are just waiting for their next victim. In conclusion, bullying is a form of aggressive behavior or threat towards another individual to intimidate, harm or cause discomfort; this is done repeatedly and intentionally. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. As a matter of fact, the victims of this abuse normally don’t do anything to cause being bullied. Not to mention, these individuals don’t even defend themselves from their aggressor. With this in mind let’s try to be more civil and conscious individuals so that some day we may live in peace and harmony. References Bullying and Suicide – Bullying Statistics retrieved from: www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-and-suicide. Bullying retrieved from: wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Definition- StopBullying.gov retrieved from: www.stopbullying.gov

Civil War Spies essays

Civil War Spies essays In the Civil War, spies helped turned many battles around by infiltrating the lines of control and getting vital information. As the war progressed, since both sides knew it was not an easy win, action was taken to improve the efforts of the war. One of the efforts being done was spying. As soon as the role of spying took over, this war became to be known as an information war. Many wondered how in the beginning the Southern had won the first Battle of the Bull Run in Manassas. It was because of the spying being done by the Confederacy. The development of spying trends began in the south. The Confederacy implemented a plan to the Secretary of State and Secretary of War and they approved it which then later brought a government spying agency known as the Signal Bureau (Markle 6). General T. J. Jackson was the first to deploy his own spy to gather information on the Unions (Markle 8). While the Unions thought it is an easy win by having more men, they were sadly mistaken. The spy instructed T. J. Jackson in getting more reinforcements and suggested a different route so they could attack by surprise in a disparate direction. When the battle was won by the Confederacy, it spawned a new evolution of how war was played. More spies were recruited and were instructed to gather more information. However, when the Unions learned of the souths tactics, they began to assemble one of their own group the Secret Service (Markle 6). The spies of the Secret Service were plenty but poorly trained and inexperienced. The Signal Bureau had more knowledge of spying in the beginning of the war but lacked spy volunteers. Although, those volunteers didnt spy for money, they did to prove their loyalty to their own states (Civil War Spies). Those that wanted to join in the Secret Service werent always admitted. The Secret Service had requirements to match your abilities. They would interview you by generals and doctors. First...

What Is Pozole How to Make Delicious Mexican Corn Soup

What Is Pozole How to Make Delicious Mexican Corn Soup SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard people discuss the deliciousness of pozole and you were confused because you didn't know what they were talking about? Have you eaten pozole, and now you need to know how to make it? Well, you're in luck. I'm going to educate you on all things pozole. By the end of this article, you'll know about the origins of pozole, how it's made, and you'll be able to prepare all the major types of this traditional Mexican stew. What Is Pozole? Pozole, AKAposole orpozolà ©, is a traditional Mexican soup. Because making it is labor-intensive and time-consuming, it’s often a treat for special occasions. Those who grew up with pozole associate it with family and festivities. I may be biased because I love it, but if you haven’t tried pozole, you need to ASAP. It’s rare to find somebody who’s tried pozole who doesn’t like it. Pozole comes from the Nahuatl word â€Å"pozilli,† meaning â€Å"foam.† Nahuatl was the language of the Aztecs, anindigenous people of modern-day Mexico. Pozole is made with hominy, which is processed corn with the germ removed, and meat, traditionally pork. It’s also often made with chicken, especially for those who don’t eat pork. The stew is seasoned with a combination of spices, and it’s typically topped with garnishes like radishes, avocados and lime juice. Here’s a pic of hominy. It looks like puffed-up corn kernels. You can buy dried hominy or make your own hominy from corn, but it’s easiest to buy canned hominy. All you have to do to make pozole from canned hominy is drain and rinse the hominy from the can. Then, it’s ready to cook. The History of Pozole Pozole originated with the Aztecs and other indigenous tribes in Mesoamerica. Historical texts state that the pozole of the Natives was made with sacrificed human flesh, and it was eaten on special occasions. Yummy. After the Spanish arrived and cannibalism was banned, the human flesh was replaced with pork. There is some speculation that the Aztecs opted to use pork because it tastes like human meat. I guess that means I’d regrettably find cannibalism delicious. Today, pozole is still a very common food for Mexicansto eat on special occasions, like weddings, quinceaà ±eras (special celebrations for girls’ 15th birthdays), birthdays, baptisms, and holidays. The Different Types of Pozole There are different variations of pozole associated with different regions of Mexico. These are the three major types of pozole: pozole rojo (red pozole), pozole verde (green pozole), and pozole blanco (white pozole). In my experience, red pozoles seem to be the most common, but one of the best meals I’ve ever had was a green pozole. Here’s how the different colors of pozole look. PozoleBlanco: Basic PozoleWithout Salsa PozoleRojo: PozoleWith a Red Salsa PozoleVerde: PozoleWith a Green Salsa Primarily, the difference in color in the salsas comes from the red chiles in pozole rojo and the green tomatillos in pozole verde. Also, instead of pork, you can make a pozole with chicken or goat. In Mexico, pozole is traditionally made with pig’s head, but because it’s a little harder to find pig’s head to purchase in the US, you can stick with pork shoulder or pork butt. However, if you’re feeling a little adventurous and can find a place that sells pig’s head, go for the glory. How to Make Pozole There are a number of ways to make pozole, but generally it consists of hominy, spices, pork or chicken, and vegetables. Depending on how you make it and the ingredients you use, it can take up to two days to prepare, but you can also make it in less than an hour. I’ll go through one complete pozole recipe and then provide information about how to make the major types of pozole. You can make slight alterations to pozole recipes based on your available ingredients and equipment. Also, you can change the amount or type of ingredients to suit your taste preferences. Chicken Pozole Blanco This is a white pozole recipe made with chicken. The white pozole is the easiest of the major types of pozole to make. I found this recipe on Simply Recipes. It’s intended to serve 6 people; adjust the amounts accordingly. The garnishes are just for extra flavor, so you only need to use those that you have and like. In most of the pozoles I’ve had, radishes, lime, and avocados are almost always included as garnishes. Ingredients for pozole 1 Whole chicken- 4 1/2-5 1/2 pounds cut into parts (but still on the bone) Salt 1 red onion sliced in half 1 large 6 lb. 9 oz. can of hominy, drained and rinsed 4 large cloves of peeled garlic 1-2 tablespoons of dried oregano (preferably Mexican oregano) Ingredients for Garnishes 1/4 whole cabbage thinly sliced 1 tomato, cored and chopped 1 avocado, peeled and chopped 1 red onion, peeled and chopped 1 large bunch cilantro, chopped 1 large bunch watercress, chopped Mexican cheese (queso fresco), sliced 4 red radishes, thinly sliced 2 limes cut into wedges Chopped seeded jalapeno or serrano chiles (you can substitute other chile peppers) Tostadas, tortillas, or tortilla chips Instructions First, put the pieces of chicken, still on the bone, in a large pot with roughly 3 quarts of water. Add the two half onions and a teaspoon of salt. Bring the water to a boil, and then reduce the heat to a simmer. Simmer uncovered for approximately 20-30 minutes, or until the chicken is tender and fully cooked. Remove the chicken from the pot and let it cool until you can handle it without burning your hands. Use a fork to pull the chicken meat from the bones. Set the chicken aside and put the bones back in the pot. Simmer the bones uncovered for another half hour. While the broth and bones are simmering, put about half the can of hominy into a blender. Add two cups of stock from the pot into the blender. Then add the garlic cloves. Make sure the top is fully secured on the blender, and then blend until everything is fully blended. After the 30 minutes of additional simmering has elapsed, skim the foam and excess fat from the surface of the stock. Just use a large ladle to scoop it out. Remove the bones and any other solids from the pot. Pour in the hominy blend. Add the remaining unblended hominy and the oregano Simmer for an additional 20 minutes. During this last period of cooking, you can prepare the garnishes. Normally, the garnishes are put into individual bowls, so people can choose what and how much to add. Before serving, shred or chop the cooked chicken meat and add it back to the pot. If you like a little extra salt, add it to your taste preference. Then serve your pozole in individual bowls with a side of tortillas, tostadas, or tortilla chips. Add your garnishes to your bowl of pozole as you wish. Dig in! Chicken pozole blanco with garnishes on the side Pork Pozole Blanco If you want to make a pork pozole blanco instead, you can follow the same exact recipe except with 1  ½ -2 pounds of pork shoulder or roast instead of chicken. Pozole Rojo To turn this white pozole into a red pozole, you just have to add in a red chile purà ©e when you add the hominy blend and unblended hominy. Here’s how to make a red chile salsa for your pozole rojo. I got this recipe from Leite’s Culinaria, which adapted it from Pati’s Mexican Table. Ingredients 2 dried ancho chiles, rinsed, stemmed, and seeded 3 dried guajillo chiles, rinsed, stemmed, and seeded 1/4 cup of chopped white onion 3 chopped garlic cloves A pinch of ground cumin 2 whole cloves 1 teaspoon kosher or coarse sea salt, or to taste 3 tablespoons of vegetable oil Instructions Put the ancho and guajillo chiles in a medium saucepan. Add just enough water to barely cover them and bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Simmer for about 10 minutes, until the chiles are softened and rehydrated. Put the chiles and  ¾ of a cup of their soaking liquid in a blender or food processor with the onion, garlic, cumin, cloves and salt. Blend until the mixture is smooth. Pour the purà ©e through a strainer and into a bowl. Press on the solids with the back of a wooden spoon to get out as much of the liquids as possible. You can discard the solids. Heat the oil in a medium saucepan over medium heat until hot but not smoking. Add the chile purà ©e and bring to a boil. Then, partially cover the pan and simmer. Stir occasionally, for roughly 6 to 8 minutes, until the purà ©e is thickened. Finally, remove the chile purà ©e from the heat, and it’s ready to be added to your pozole. Pozole Verde The green sauce for the pozole verde is added at the same time as the red sauce for pozole rojo. Again, add the green salsa when you add the hominy blend and unblended hominy. This recipe comes from recipe.com. Ingredients 1 lb. of green tomatillos, husked and halved 1 small onion, quartered 2 poblano chiles, cored, seeded, and quartered 2 jalapenos, seeded and quartered 4 large garlic cloves, smashed  ½ cup chopped cilantro 1 tablespoon oregano leaves Salt and ground black pepper 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil Instructions Put the tomatillo, onion, poblanos, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and oregano in a blender. Pulse until it’s finely chopped, and then add one cup of the pozole cooking liquid (the liquid from your unfinished pot of pozole). Blend until it’s smooth. You can use a strainer to ensure smoothness. Season the purà ©e with salt and pepper, so it’s to your liking. Then, in a large, deep skillet, heat the vegetable oil. Add the purà ©e, and cook it over medium heat. Stir it occassionally Cook it for about 12 minutes, until the sauce turns a deep green. Then, it’s done and ready to be added to your cooking liquid. Ta-da! 6 Other Ways to Make Pozole As I previously mentioned, there are tons of slight variations in pozole recipes. The recipes differ in the ingredients and how the pozole is prepared. Here are a few other examples of how you can make pozole. I'm giving you multiple options, so you can be more familiar with the different varieties and find the recipe that will work best for you. Traditional Pozole Here’s an extremely traditional pozole rojo recipe with pig head. And it provides instructions for making your own hominy from corn. Old school Mexicans believe that making your own hominy instead of using the canned hominy makes the pozole taste better. Also, in this recipe, the meat and bones are left in the pot throughout the cooking process. Pozole With Dried Hominy Additionally, you can make pozole with dried hominy that you prepare by soaking overnight in cold water before cooking. Here’s a pork red pozole recipe from The New York Times with dried hominy. Bags of dried hominy Vegetarian Pozole If you don’t eat meat, you can also make a vegetarian pozole with hominy, aromatics, vegetables, and spices. Check out this vegetarian red pozole recipe that incorporates dried hominy. Pozole With Chicken and Pork If you’re a fan of meat, you can make a pozole with both chicken and pork. Just cut the amounts of chicken and pork in half. To serve 6, you’d need about 2  ½ pounds of chicken and a pound of pork. Or you can use 5 pounds of chicken and 2 pounds of pork to make a pozole with double the meat. Easy-to-Make Pozole There are variations of pozole that are super easy to make. You can substantially cut down on the time it takes to make pozole by using canned hominy and chicken that’s already cooked. Additionally, for your sauces, instead of making them by scratch, you can use canned green chiles for pozole verde and canned salsa to make pozole rojo. Here’s a 20-minute recipe for chicken pozole verde. While this type of pozole can taste good, it probably won't be nearly as delicious as pozoles that require more cooking. You probably shouldn't serve an easy to make pozole to a traditional Mexican. Different Spices and Chile Peppers Each pozole recipe will somewhat vary in the amount and type of spices used to season the pozole. Most call for garlic, cumin, oregano, salt, and pepper. A couple of changes you can make include using garlic powder instead of garlic cloves, and you can add paprika for a little extra kick. Furthermore, you can leave out any of the spices if you don’t like them. There are enough flavorful ingredients in pozole that you shouldn’t have to worry about your pozole being bland, especially if you’re making pozole verde or pozole rojo. Additionally, you can change the chile peppers in your red sauce or green sauce to alter the spice content. Traditionally, the red pozole sauce calls for ancho and guajillo peppers. For a less spicy sauce, you can use cubanelle peppers or anaheim peppers. If you want to go more spicy, you can use puya peppers or morita chili peppers. The green sauce tends to use poblano peppers and jalapeà ±os with the tomatillo. You can use fewer peppers if you want to decrease the spice level, or you can use a Sonora chili pepper. Keep in mind that when added to the pozole, the green sauce in pozole verde is pretty mild. To make it spicier, I would suggest adding additional jalapeà ±os. Jalapeà ±o peppers! The red ones are ripe. Pozole Garnishes As I mentioned previously, you add the garnishes to your individual bowl of pozole after the pozole is done. The garnishes add more flavor, and it’s entirely up to you how to garnish your pozole. These are the most common garnish options: Radishes Lime juice Avocados Cabbage Lettuce Cheese (Normally queso fresco) Tortilla strips Tostadas (on the side) Tortillas (on the side) Chopped onion Cilantro Jalapeà ±o Hot sauce Scallions Sour cream All you have to do is add any of these ingredients that you like to your bowl of pozole to maximize your pozole experience. If you're preparing pozole for multiple people, you can serve garnishes in individual bowls and let your guests decide what they want to put in their pozole. Now that you know what pozole is and how to make it, you should whip up a batch and find out how it tastes. You can thank me later.

Coffee Production on the International Markets Term Paper

Coffee Production on the International Markets - Term Paper Example Unfortunately, FLO has faced a number of challenges in rolling out its â€Å"sustainability criteria.† This has especially been attributed to overreliance on supply chain relations in the administration and management of this endeavour (Jaffee 12). While Fairtrade has sought to offer solutions for economic sustainability at the producer level, it fails to provide a solution to macroeconomic variations which dictate price and credit behaviour. This has triggered massive campaigns within the consumer markets in favour of fair-trade labelled coffees. The global supply of coffee is approximated to have been 8 percent above the demand as per 2003 world’s depressed prices. This, in turn, led to world’s coffee prices hitting its all-time lowest in 30 years, has declined by about 50 percent in a span of three years. Governments eager to boost their export earnings contributed heavily to this scenario as they encouraged their farmers to grow more coffee. All this was done oblivious of the catastrophic impact on the world market. East African countries such as Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya are among the coffee producers that were heavily hit by this price slump. The low coffee prices in the global market had rippling effect as small farmers who contribute significantly to the total production started feeling exploited. Fairtrade was thus adopted to restore some sanity in within the coffee industry. The specific objective was to protect small farmers in the developing world from exploitation by the developed world. Fairtrade thus guarantees $1.26/pound (a living wage) in addition to access to credit facilities from cooperatives (Ruben, Ruerd, and Simone 23). The creation and consequent demand for Fair-trade labelled coffee has forced the likes of Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts to rise up to the occasion and address social responsibilities as demanded by the developing countries.  

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Essay

The Effects of Autism on a Familys Social Participation From a Fathers Perspective - Essay Example In this study, the researcher conducted a qualitative investigation regarding the impact that autism has on a family's social participation from the father's perspective. The researcher will explain how using the Person-Environment-Occupation model may both increase levels of social participation and increase the overall wellbeing and mental health of family's of autistic children. The nature of Autism, a complex developmental disorder, remains largely elusive up to the present time. However, there have been myriad advances and discoveries regarding this condition (Rutter, 1999). Compared to other developmental disorders, Autism is being diagnosed at a rapid rate with an annual growth rate between 10 and 17% (Autism Society of America, 2007). This disorder has a prevalence rate in one out of every 150 births and affects approximately 1.5 million Americans (Autism Society of America, 2007). There is both a desire to treat the devastating effects of this disorder and a fascination to understand the nature of social interaction of patients with this condition. Large proportions of autistic patients exhibit differences in sensory processing and motor performance that may affect social participation and day-to-day functioning (Chawarska, Klin, Volkmar, & Powers, 2008, 104). In their research, Domingue, Cutler, & McTarnaghan (2000) found that family members that care for autistic children have been shown to have greater difficulty in developing and sustaining vital social connections both at work and at home. Social activities such as dinners, weekend outings, and vacations are greatly reduced and marital difficulties often arise from the difficulty of effectively supporting their autistic child (Fisman, Wolf, & Noh, 1989). In their 2005 study, Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken pointed out that fathers have been largely neglected in previous research of families with autistic children. They found that fathers of children with autism reported frequent use of both wish-fulfilling fantasy and information seeking as coping strategies. In addition to this, fathers with autistic children reported a greater financial impact and disruption of family activities when compared to fathers that did not have children with this disorder (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). While the researchers found that fathers adapt reasonably well to the needs of their autistic children, they also noted that autism had a significant impact on the family's social participation from the father's perspective (Rodrigue, Morgan, and Geffken, 2005). Cost of Care Numerous costs are involved in the treatment and care of autistic patients. When calculating the price of treatment, it is necessary to include direct medical, direct non-medical, and lost productivity costs. A complete treatment plan for an individual with autism may cost the public $3.2 million over the patient's lifetime (Moldin & Rubenstein, 2006, p. 476). In addition to this, the combined societal cost to treat all individuals with autism may amount to $35 billion over the pa

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Personal Statement - Essay Example My resolve to pursue a course in Business and Management course has been strengthened by the various part time jobs that I have been able to secure. I for example worked in a supermarket known as planet as a manager where I was able to put my leadership skills into practice. These have helped me gain an insight into the working of business, and sparked a passion in me to come up with more efficient models of management to ensure the best possible results. Getting a degree in Business Management will therefore equip me with the skills that I require to develop more efficient management systems and develop better ways of doing business. I believe that is very important to get a quality education before one can seek to engage in any professional venture. The value of education has been instilled in me from a tender age, and this leads me to pursue educational excellence at all levels possible. I am particularly interested in learning how to come up with dynamic teams that have the potential to work together to come up with ways to diagnose the business and organization needs, analyzing the changing business environment and the development of the procedures to handle the operation processes of the business. I believe that I have the potential to perform these roles. The educational program will however help me to realize my potential in this area. To be successful in the program, I intend to get a part time job that will give me an opportunity to practically apply the concepts that I have been taught and interact with the different concepts in business. As I person, my character is influenced by an unending desire to improve myself, and a quest for knowledge. My character has also been formed by the need and desire to pursue new ideas through insightful reasoning and a practical application of the theoretical knowledge that I have been able to gain. I believe that this combination of attributes will be an important asset in helping me settle and blend in the

Sociological theory of religion

Sociological theory of religion 1 Using examples critically assess one sociological theory of religion In most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of shared values and beliefs in some form of god. Religion also plays a central role in cultural life; people often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the society: literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance.[1] It is the focus of the society that is of interest to religious sociologists, in particular theories concerning the way religious behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford notes that theories revolving around how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study.[2] In order to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology of religion will be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical approach of functionalism by sociologists; a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community[3]. Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies.[4] A classical view is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis,[5] and is often used to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion therefore takes into account the aforemention ed and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society.[6] Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science,[7] a type of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further: Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob[8] Comte was able to make use of the new science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory[9]. Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic credibility and influence.[10] Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of institutional relationships in society.[11] To understand this further, one can use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, [who supported functionalism in the United States] used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems; economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. [12] In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, such as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and the satisfaction of desires.[13] Another English man Radcliffe-Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations.[14] It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to. A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays particular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness.[15] Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests.[16] He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society.[17] He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscie nce collective,[18] which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.[19] Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion.[20] Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, [what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are] but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system.[21] Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself,[22] which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity.[23] From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande[24], who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears.[25] This analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems.[26] He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society.[27] Furthermore he beli eved that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values,[28] for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.[29] Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society; he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations.[30] Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status: their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands.[31] The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years.[32] In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity.[33] Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski b elieved humans could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power.[34] This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary; thereby giving them a sense of power. For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together.[35] Coser (1977) explains further: Religion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.[36] So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them.[37] Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts [an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war] in society have religious foundations.[38] Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class.[39] Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion.[40] Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (1983:44) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values.[41] A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be see n or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change.[42] Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural differentiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform.[43] Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes.[44] An example of a system change stems from The Indu strial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. [45] Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature; religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills.[46] Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries, Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.[47] Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions; in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience.[48] Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction. In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.[49] A criticism applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities.[50] To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does; and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements.[51] Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not.[52] Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.[53] One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.[54] One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life; religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community. Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). 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